Family Planning Market Capacity Tool: Estimating Provider Time Available and Needed for Family Planning Services

Publication date: 2021

1 Family Planning Market Capacity Tool: Estimating Provider Time Available and Needed for Family Planning Services Background The Family Planning (FP) Market Analyzer (fpmarketanalyzer.org) combines data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and FP2020’s projections of modern contraceptive prevalence (mCPR) to allow users to explore potential scenarios, including shifts in market share between the public and private health sector. Users of the FP Market Analyzer can explore policy scenarios that include changes in method mix, source mix or both. Based on population growth, mCPR growth and the chosen scenario, results show changes in FP visits by sector and method. However, these scenarios do not take into consideration available provider time and whether there is sufficient capacity. The FP Market Capacity Tool, a supplemental tool to the FP Market Analyzer, was developed to estimate current and future provider time (measured through level of effort (LOE) in hours) available and needed for provision of FP services to provide context for the feasibility of different policy scenarios generated using the FP Market Analyzer. Methods General Approach The diagram below shows a simplified version of how the FP Market Capacity Tool works. Public Facilities Private Facilities Provider Time (split by level) Potential FP Time Provider Time (split by level) Potential FP Time Accounts for avg # staff & hours worked Accounts for share of facilities offering FP, time spent on services, and service time that can be spent on FP Based on estimates of provider time per visit (by method). Public FP Clients FP Time Used Private FP Clients FP Time Used https://fpmarketanalyzer.org/ 2 The model estimates the potential time available to provide FP services in both the public and private sectors based on the number of facilities (by type), average number of providers at each facility, the share of facilities that offer FP, and assumptions about how provider time is spent. Separately, drawing on results from the FP Market Analyzer, the tool estimates how much provider time is used for FP under different scenarios applying assumptions about how much time is needed for different FP services. These results are then compared to look at current and future utilization under different scenarios. Assumptions and Inputs Model requirements include both global assumptions and country-specific data inputs. The current tool is pre-loaded with inputs for seven countries for which sufficient data on health care infrastructure in both the public and private sector could be found: Bangladesh, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Haiti, Kenya, Malawi, Nepal, and Senegal. In addition, a “custom” option is available to allow the user to enter their own assumptions for a select country. Global assumptions for time spent on method administration by provider type taken from Adding It Up: Investing in Sexual and Reproductive Health 2019 Methodology Report from the Guttmacher Institute. Country-specific estimates of the number of FP visits by sector and method for the current landscape and under different scenarios were drawn from the FP Market Analyzer. A comprehensive search of a range of sources, including national surveys, program reports and national strategies was performed for each country to identify the most accurate and reliable inputs for the following indicators: • Number of facilities, by facility type (i.e., hospital, pharmacy, etc.) • Number of providers, by provider type per facility type • Average hours worked per year, by provider type per facility • Percent of facilities offering FP services, by facility type • Percent of time spent on services (direct & indirect), by facility type • Percent of service time spent on FP, by facility type The average hours worked per year, the percent of time spent on services (direct and indirect), as well as the percent of service time spent on FP was estimated using expert opinion and a review of OneHealth model (Avenir Health 2021) applications in select countries. Estimates for CHW time were taken from the example Community Health Worker Coverage and Capacity (C3) Tool (MCSP 2019). Additional country specific data sources can be found in Annex 1. It was assumed that a portion of provider time would be spent on non-service activities, including attending meetings, filling out paperwork, etc. It was also assumed that only a small portion of service time would be spent on FP versus other health areas, and that this portion of time would vary by facility type. For example, it was assumed that a smaller portion of service time would be spent on FP in a hospital compared to a health post. 3 Estimating Potential LOE Available Based on the assumptions and country-specific inputs described above, the FP Market Capacity Tool estimates total potential LOE available for higher-level medical providers who can provide any method (i.e., doctors, nurses, and midwives) and total potential LOE for lower-level providers who are only able to provide a more limited range of methods and/or assist in the provision of clinical methods (i.e., community health workers, pharmacists, nursing assistants). Doctors, nurses, and midwives are all grouped together for simplicity. For sterilization services, WHO task sharing guidelines (WHO 2017) recommend these only be provided by nurses and midwives in the context of rigorous research, so potential LOE for these services may be overestimated in some contexts, though this should have a minimal impact on overall results. For each level, total potential LOE available for each level is estimated by multiplying the number of facilities by the number of providers of each level per facility by the number of hours worked per year. An estimate is then made of potential hours available for FP services by multiplying the above by the share of facilities that offer FP, the share of time spent on services, and the share of service time that can be spent on FP. All calculations are done by facility type, then summed together within the public and private sectors. Estimating Utilized LOE LOE utilized is calculated based on visits by method and sector data imported from the FP Market Analyzer. For short-term methods, visits are annualized into clients, accounting for the number of return visits needed for resupply during a year. These figures are then multiplied by estimates of time needed per service of higher-level provider time (doctor, nurse, midwife) and time that can be done by any provider. For methods requiring a clinical service, estimates are inflated to account for indirect time spent preparing for a client and cleaning up after a service is provided. Calculations are done by method, separately for the public and private sectors. Note that condoms are excluded from these calculations as many condoms are likely purchased from shops and other informal sources that are not the focus of this tool. Comparing Utilized and Available LOE Available and utilized LOE are summed to get totals for each sector (public, private). This is done for the current situation (as a baseline), and for the future projection to 2023 under the selected scenario. The two figures are then compared by dividing time utilized by time potentially available. Results can be calculated with or without community health workers. In some countries, large community health worker programs suggest large availability of potential LOE among this cadre, however, few FP users get their methods from this source. Excluding them allows for a focus on facility based LOE availability and is recommended in countries where only a small share of users get their method from CHWs. Results show to what degree potential LOE would be utilized under the selected scenario, including a result for utilization if higher-skilled providers are utilized for a wider range of services in contexts where lower-level provide LOE is fully exhausted. 4 Results Potential LOE Figure 1 shows results for potential LOE that is available to provide services in a Senegal based on the data inputs and assumptions used in the model. In this context, availability is concentrated within the public sector, and largely among lower-level providers lower-level facilities and CHWs. This largely mirrors patterns of contraceptive use by source in the country, with most users going to lower-level public facilities for their method. Figure 1 Annual Hours of Potential LOE Available for FP Services in Senegal Utilized LOE Figure 2 shows results for LOE utilized in Kenya under the current scenario, and under future Scenario 2: What if task sharing allowed the private sector (e.g., pharmacies) to increase its share of injectables? Under this scenario an increase in time needed among private providers can be seen, this additional time is from more provision of injectables within the private sector. Figure 2 Annual Hours Utilized for FP Services in Kenya 5 Comparing Availability and Utilization Figure 3 shows results comparing available to utilized LOE in Haiti in 2023 under Scenario 4: What if barriers were removed to allow the private sector to play a greater role in LARC provision as implants increase in popularity? This shows that this scenario would over-utilize lower-level providers in the private sector, but that based on country inputs and assumptions, there is sufficient doctor, nurse, and midwife time available to provide the additional services modelled under scenario 4. This implies this scenario could be realized, but would require additional time from doctors, nurses, and midwives. This graph can also be viewed in absolute terms (Figure 4), which is helpful given often large differences in the among of LOE available for doctors, nurses, and midwives vs other lower-level providers. Figure 3 Share of Family Planning LOE Used & Available: New Scenario, 2023 in Haiti Figure 4 Hours of Family Planning LOE Used & Available: New Scenario, 2023 in Haiti 6 Utilizing Results to Inform FP programs Consider a situation where a program is interested in scaling-up a specific method or increasing the role of the private sector in providing that method. The FP Market Analyzer allows a program manager to estimate the number of FP users and visits that should be expected given different shifts in method mix and sector, but it does not provide information on the capacity of providers to absorb these types of shifts. The FP Market Capacity Tool allows program managers to understand the feasibility of different scenarios relative to the existing health infrastructure in a country. Results of the tool provide perspective of what might be possible in the current provider landscape and will indicate if provider LOE may have reached full capacity. Limitations Estimating provider LOE involves consideration of many aspects of the health care system. Beyond the total LOE for providers, one must also consider proportion of provider time spent on services and the proportion of service time spent specifically on FP. This information was not readily available, so OneHealth applications for several countries were reviewed to estimate the possible range for percent of time spent on FP. Based on this range, expert opinion was used to estimate percent of service time spent on FP for the model. It is therefore possible that these inputs do not reflect the exact amount of provider time available in each country. In addition, utilization is based on global visit norms, but providers may spend more or less time with clients providing these services. The FP Market Capacity Tool compares availability to utilization across the whole of the public and private sectors combined. This is to align with output data from the FP Market Analyzer. It is important to view results in the context of what specific sources exist within the public and private sectors, and how well these sources match to where users may wish to or be able to access services. For example, if higher-level private providers are mostly concentrated in a small number of hospitals, this LOE might not be ‘available’ to a lot of the population. The FP Market Capacity Tool should be seen as a starting place for conversations about what the current health infrastructure looks like within a country, and how that relates to the potential feasibility of different future scale up plans. Conclusions It is important for policymakers and researchers to understand not only the projected increase in FP users under different policy scenarios, but also the provider capacity to absorb these increases. The FP Market Capacity Tool was developed as a supplement to the FP Market Analyzer to estimate current and future LOE to provide context for the feasibility of different shifts in method mix and market share between the public and private health sector. Still, there remains a need for further exploration of the true level of FP LOE available, including better accounting for the role of the informal sector. In addition, other considerations need to be taken into account beyond simply the availability of provider time, including training and quality assurance, client and provider preferences, and the affordability of services, especially within the private sector. 7 References Avenir Health, 2021. OneHealth Tool. https://www.avenirhealth.org/software-onehealth.php Maternal and Child Survival Program (MCSP), 2019. Community Health Worker Coverage and Capacity Tool. https://www.mcsprogram.org/resource/community-health-worker-coverage-and- capacity-tool/ Reidy, M et al, 2020. User Guide: Family Planning Market Analyzer. Rockville, MD: Sustaining Health Outcomes through the Private Sector Plus Project, Abt Associates Inc. https://www.shopsplusproject.org/sites/default/files/resources/FP%20Market%20Analyzer%20U ser%20Guide.pdf Riley T et al, 2020. Adding It Up: Investing in Sexual and Reproductive Health 2019— Methodology Report, New York: Guttmacher Institute. https://www.guttmacher.org/report/adding-it-up-investing-in-sexual-reproductive-health-2019- methodology World Health Organization (WHO), 2017. Task sharing to improve access to Family Planning/Contraception. Summary Brief. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259633/WHO-RHR-17.20-eng.pdf?sequence=1 https://www.avenirhealth.org/software-onehealth.php https://www.mcsprogram.org/resource/community-health-worker-coverage-and-capacity-tool/ https://www.mcsprogram.org/resource/community-health-worker-coverage-and-capacity-tool/ https://www.shopsplusproject.org/sites/default/files/resources/FP%20Market%20Analyzer%20User%20Guide.pdf https://www.shopsplusproject.org/sites/default/files/resources/FP%20Market%20Analyzer%20User%20Guide.pdf https://www.guttmacher.org/report/adding-it-up-investing-in-sexual-reproductive-health-2019-methodology https://www.guttmacher.org/report/adding-it-up-investing-in-sexual-reproductive-health-2019-methodology http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259633/WHO-RHR-17.20-eng.pdf?sequence=1 8 Annex 1. Data Sources for Country-specific Inputs B a n g la d e s h Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. 2020. Health Bulletin 2019. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Masud Ahmed S, et al. 2017. Exploring the status of retail private drug shops in Bangladesh and action points for developing an accredited drug shop model: a facility based cross-sectional study. J Pharm Policy Pract, 10:21. DOI: 10.1186/s40545-017-0108-8. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 2019. Bangladesh National Strategy for Community Health Workers (2019-2030). Dhaka, Bangladesh. Mridha, M. K et al, 2009. Public-sector maternal health programmes and services for rural Bangladesh. Journal of health, population, and nutrition, 27(2), 124–138. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v27i2.3326 National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT) and ICF. 2019. Bangladesh health facility survey 2017. Dhaka, Bangladesh: NIPORT, ACPR and ICF. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SPA28/SPA28.pdf Seddiky A, et al. 2014. Role of Union Information and Service Centre (UISC) to Promote Health Care Facilities for the Rural Poor in Bangladesh. American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences. 8(2), September-November, 2014, pp. 201-210 The World Bank. 2021. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3. The World Bank. 2021. Physicians (per 1,000 people). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS. D R C Community Health Roadmap. 2019. Summary of national priorities [PowerPoint Presentation]. https://www.communityhealthroadmap.org/democratic-republic-of-congo. Ecole de Sante Publique de l’Université de Kinshasa (ESPK) et ICF. 2019. République Démocratique du Congo : Évaluation des prestations de services de soins de sante 2017-2018. Kinshasa, RDC et Rockville, Maryland, USA : ESPK et ICF International. https://www.dhsprogram.com/methodology/survey/survey-display-538.cfm SHOPS Plus, 2019. Democratic Republic of the Congo Private Health Sector Assessment. Brief. Rockville, MD: Sustaining Health Outcomes through the Private Sector Plus Project, Abt Associates. World Health Organization. 2019. A spatial database of health facilities managed by the public health sector in sub-Saharan Africa. The World Bank. 2021. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3. The World Bank. 2021. Physicians (per 1,000 people). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40545-017-0108-8 https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v27i2.3326 https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SPA28/SPA28.pdf https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS https://www.communityhealthroadmap.org/democratic-republic-of-congo https://www.dhsprogram.com/methodology/survey/survey-display-538.cfm https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS 9 H a it i Community Health Roadmap. 2019. Summary of national priorities [PowerPoint Presentation]. https://www.communityhealthroadmap.org/haiti. Institut Haïtien de l’Enfance (IHE) et ICF International. 2019. Évaluation de la prestation des services de soins de santé, Haïti, 2017-2018. Rockville, Maryland, USA : IHE et ICF International. https://www.dhsprogram.com/methodology/survey/survey-display-532.cfm. The World Bank. 2021. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3. The World Bank. 2021. Physicians (per 1,000 people). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS. WHO Health Action International. 2011. Medicine prices, availability and affordability survey Haiti. https://haiweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Haiti-Report-Pricing-Surveys.pdf. K e n y a Advancing Partners & Communities. 2013. Country profile: Kenya community health programs. Arlington, VA: Advancing Partners & Communities. https://www.advancingpartners.org/sites/default/files/landscape/countries/profiles/country_profile _kenya_0.pdf International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2018. Bringing safe, quality medicine to all: Goodlife Pharmacy: A health hub for East Africa. Washington, DC, USA: IFC. National Coordinating Agency for Population and Development (NCAPD) [Kenya], Ministry of Medical Services (MOMS) [Kenya], Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation (MOPHS) [Kenya], Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) [Kenya], ICF Macro. 2011. Kenya service provision assessment survey 2010. Nairobi, Kenya: NCAPD, MOMS, MOPHS, KNBS, and ICF Macro. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SPA17/SPA17.pdf PharmAccess Group. 2016. A closer look at the healthcare system in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: PharmAccess Foundation. https://www.pharmaccess.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/The- healthcare-system-in-Kenya.pdf The World Bank. 2010. Private Health Sector Assessment in Kenya. World Bank Working Paper No. 193. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/434701468048274776/pdf/552020PUB0Heal10Bo x349442B01PUBLIC1.pdf The World Bank. 2021. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3. The World Bank. 2021. Physicians (per 1,000 people). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS. https://www.communityhealthroadmap.org/haiti https://www.dhsprogram.com/methodology/survey/survey-display-532.cfm https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS https://haiweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Haiti-Report-Pricing-Surveys.pdf https://www.advancingpartners.org/sites/default/files/landscape/countries/profiles/country_profile_kenya_0.pdf https://www.advancingpartners.org/sites/default/files/landscape/countries/profiles/country_profile_kenya_0.pdf https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SPA17/SPA17.pdf https://www.pharmaccess.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/The-healthcare-system-in-Kenya.pdf https://www.pharmaccess.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/The-healthcare-system-in-Kenya.pdf https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/434701468048274776/pdf/552020PUB0Heal10Box349442B01PUBLIC1.pdf https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/434701468048274776/pdf/552020PUB0Heal10Box349442B01PUBLIC1.pdf https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS 10 M a la w i Chafulumira, AF. 2009. Country data profile on the pharmaceutical situation in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Ministry of Health (MoH) [Malawi] and ICF International. 2014. Malawi service provision assessment (MSPA) 2013-2014. Lilongwe, Malawi and Rockville, Maryland, USA : MoH and ICF International. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SPA20/SPA20[Oct-7-2015].pdf Ministry of Health, Government of the Republic of Malawi. 2017. National community health strategy 2017-2022. Lilongwe, Malawi: Government of the Republic of Malawi. The World Bank. 2021. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3. The World Bank. 2021. Physicians (per 1,000 people). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS. SHOPS. 2013. Malawi Private Health Sector Matting Report. https://www.shopsplusproject.org/sites/default/files/resources/Malawi%20Provider%20Mapping% 20Report.pdf N e p a l Ministry of Health, Nepal; New ERA, Nepal; Nepal Health Sector Support Program (NHSSP); and ICF. 2017. Nepal health facility survey 2015. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health, Nepal. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SPA24/SPA24.pdf Ministry of Health and Population, Department of Health Services. 2019. Annual report. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health. http://dohs.gov.np/dohs-annual-report-fy-2076-77/ Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal; Human Resources for Health Strategic Plan 2011-2015 (Draft). Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal. https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/countries/Nepal_HRHStrategicPlan_finaldraft.pdf World Health Organization. 2017. Nepal pharmaceutical profile. New Delhi, India: World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274871/2017-Nepal-pharm- profile.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y S e n e g a l Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie (ANSD) [Sénégal] et ICF. 2020. Sénégal : Enquête continue sur la prestation des services de soins de sante (ECPSS) 2019. Dakar, Sénégal, et Rockville, Maryland, USA : ANSD et ICF. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SPA33/SPA33.pdf Brunner, Bettina, Jeffrey Barnes, Andrew Carmona, Arsène Kpangon, Pamela Riley, Erin Mohebbi, and Leslie Miles. 2016. Senegal Private Health Sector Assessment: Selected Health Products and Services. Bethesda, MD: Strengthening Health Outcomes through the Private Sector Project, Abt Associates. https://www.shopsplusproject.org/sites/default/files/resources/Senegal%20Private%20Health%20 Sector%20Assessment_Selected%20Products%20and%20Services.pdf Ministère de la Sante et de l’Action Sociale. 2019. Plan national de développement sanitaire et social (PNDSS) 2019-2028. Dakar, Sénégal : République du Sénégal. https://www.prb.org/wp- content/uploads/2020/06/Senegal-Plan-National-de-D%C3%A9veloppement-Sanitaire-et-Social- 2019-2028-.pdf UNAIDS. 2017. 2 million African community health workers: Harnessing the demographic dividend, ending AIDS and ensuring sustainable health for all in Africa. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2017/African2mCHW. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SPA20/SPA20%5bOct-7-2015%5d.pdf https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS https://www.shopsplusproject.org/sites/default/files/resources/Malawi%20Provider%20Mapping%20Report.pdf https://www.shopsplusproject.org/sites/default/files/resources/Malawi%20Provider%20Mapping%20Report.pdf https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SPA24/SPA24.pdf http://dohs.gov.np/dohs-annual-report-fy-2076-77/ https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/countries/Nepal_HRHStrategicPlan_finaldraft.pdf https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274871/2017-Nepal-pharm-profile.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274871/2017-Nepal-pharm-profile.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SPA33/SPA33.pdf https://www.shopsplusproject.org/sites/default/files/resources/Senegal%20Private%20Health%20Sector%20Assessment_Selected%20Products%20and%20Services.pdf https://www.shopsplusproject.org/sites/default/files/resources/Senegal%20Private%20Health%20Sector%20Assessment_Selected%20Products%20and%20Services.pdf https://www.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Senegal-Plan-National-de-D%C3%A9veloppement-Sanitaire-et-Social-2019-2028-.pdf https://www.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Senegal-Plan-National-de-D%C3%A9veloppement-Sanitaire-et-Social-2019-2028-.pdf https://www.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Senegal-Plan-National-de-D%C3%A9veloppement-Sanitaire-et-Social-2019-2028-.pdf https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2017/African2mCHW 11 Recommended Citation: Weinberger, Michelle and Rebecca Rosenberg. 2021. Family Planning Market Capacity Tool: Estimating Provider Time Available and Needed for Family Planning Services. Rockville, MD: Sustaining Health Outcomes through the Private Sector Plus Project, Abt Associates Inc. Go to fpmarketanalyzer.org to download the Excel-based FP Market Capacity Tool. LEARN MORE This brief is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development. The contents of this brief are the sole responsibility of Abt Associates and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government. Background Methods General Approach Assumptions and Inputs Estimating Potential LOE Available Estimating Utilized LOE Comparing Utilized and Available LOE Results Potential LOE Utilized LOE Comparing Availability and Utilization Utilizing Results to Inform FP programs Limitations Conclusions References Annex 1. Data Sources for Country-specific Inputs

View the publication