State of the World's Midwifery 2014 - Ethiopia: Achieving MDG 5

Publication date: 2014

Ethiopia Achieving MDG 5 Maternal Mortality With an estimated population of almost 86 million in 2013i, Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Africa. It is also among the top ten countries in the world when it comes to the number of maternal death. With over 10,000 women dying in pregnancy or childbirth each year, Ethiopia accounts for 3.5% of the global maternal death burdenii. Ethiopia has made significant progress in reducing the maternal mortality ratio, and is actually currently on track to reach the 75% reduction in the MMR required by the MDG5. Since 2000, Ethiopia has reduced its lifetime risk of maternal death by nearly two-thirds (from 1 in 24 to 1 in 67) – more than every other country on the African continent (Save the Children 2014 SOWM). According to UN data, in 2013 it had a MMR of 420 per 100,000 live birthsiii. If the current trend continues, Ethiopia should be able to reach its MDG goal of an MMR of 350 (or about 10,000 annual deaths) even before 2015. More than 70% of all maternal deaths in Ethiopia are due to just four conditions - hemorrhage, eclampsia, sepsis and abortion complicationsiv. An estimated 1,900 of these deaths are among adolescentsv. Family Planning and Maternal Health vi,vii,viii,ix In addition to a 75% reduction in the MMR, the MDG also calls for universal access to reproductive health care by 2015 (MDG5B). The following shows current coverage with key sexual reproductive health services in Ethiopia. While some progress has been made, especially in the area of access to FP, there is a need for other indicators to show accelerated progress Family Planning 40.4% of women in Ethiopia use modern family planning methods (Mini EDHS 2014), 18.8% have an expressed unmet need for family planning (PMA2020 Report 2014). Antenatal Care 31.6% of women have at least 4 ANC visits (Mini EDHS 2014). Skilled Delivery Care 14.5% of the annual 2.4 million births in Ethiopia were assisted by a skilled attendant. (Mini EDHS 2014) Estimated Impact of Universal Access to Reproductive Health Family Planning Providing women with access to family planning and making it possible for them to decide how many children they want and when to have them, reduces the overall number of deaths by reducing the number of women dying due to pregnancies they never intended to have. Meeting only 25% of the unmet demand for family planning in Ethiopia, i.e., supplying 580,000 additional women with access to family planning would reduce the number of unintended pregnancies by over 210,000 and maternal deaths by almost 650. In addition, it would significantly reduce the number of abortions that are particularly high among women with unintended pregnancies. Maternal Health Most maternal deaths are preventable, as the health-care solutions to prevent or manage complications are well known. The following interventions and drugs tackle the four top causes of maternal deaths in Ethiopia:  Prevention and management of hemorrhage/treatment of postabortion complications - Oxytocin/Misoprostol:  Prevention and management of eclampsia with Magnesium sulfate  Prevention and treatment of sepsis with Clean delivery kits and antibiotics Number of Maternal Deaths that Could be Prevented Providing all women with the required maternal health medicines and supplies would prevent an additional 5,000 deaths, reducing the annual number of deaths to 4,400 and the MMR to just over 190, making it possible for Ethiopia to not only reach, but significantly exceed its MDG goal of 350. In addition, these interventions would have a significant impact on child, and in particular, newborn mortality. Currently Ethiopia has about 70,000 neonatal deaths a year. About 13% of these, or more than 9,000 could be prevented by providing women with the above life-saving interventionsx. Essential Drug Requirements and Costs Maternal Health Drugs For Universal Coverage Drug and commodity requirements to provide the care detailed above would cost approximately $7.7 million, $1.5 million for additional FP supplies and $6.2 million for maternal health (detailed calculations are available in Annex 1). Required health system investments Additional investments will be necessary to strengthen countries’ logistics systems and to ensure that health providers (both at facility and community level) know how to administer these drugs. Annex 1. Methodology The following describes the methodology used to arrive at the impact and cost estimates in the factsheet. Maternal Mortality The number of current annual maternal deaths was calculated using the 2013 MMR from the 2014 publication: Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990-2013. UNFPA, WHO, World Bank, UNICEF http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/monitoring/maternal-mortality-2013/en/ applied to the estimated number of births in 2013 (based on population data from the UN Population Division). Deaths Prevented through Family Planning The number of unintended pregnancies averted was calculated by comparing the number of pregnancies that would have happened if the 580,000 (25% of the 2.3 million women with currently unmet need in Ethiopia) had not been able to access contraception to the number of pregnancies that would occur if these women used contraception (i.e. only experienced pregnancies due to failure of their chosen method). It was assumed that 40% of all women would have gotten pregnant if not using contraception. The average failure rate of contraceptives was estimated to be 3%. Based on regional data collected by the Guttmacher Institute for its 2014 update of “Adding It Up” it was estimated that only about 53% of unintended pregnancies would be carried to term, 33% would be aborted and 14% would end in a miscarriage. Note: Family planning reduces the absolute number of maternal deaths in a country but since it reduces both numerator AND denominator of the Maternal Mortality Ratio (defined as deaths per 100,000 live births) the reduction in maternal deaths caused by family planning is not reflected in the MMR. The estimated reduction in number of deaths required to achieve the country’s MMR goal differs therefore slightly depending on the assumption made about the number of births. The estimate in the first paragraph uses the current number of births, while the estimate in the Estimated Impact paragraph is based on a lower number of births (originally projected number of births minus unintended births averted through the provision of contraception to women with unmet need). Deaths Prevented through Maternal Health Interventions It was assumed that half of the women currently covered by skilled birth attendance, i.e. about 16%, already had access to the three live-saving drugs. This coverage was then scaled up to 100%. The following effectiveness data were used in estimating the expected reduction in maternal deaths: Intervention Effectiveness Source 1. Hemorrhage Prevention - Oxytocin 62% Prendiville WJ, Elbourne D, McDonald S. Active versus expectant management in the third stage of labour. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1. 2. Hemorrhage Prevention - Misoprostol 43% Found to be about 30% less effective than oxytocin Gulmezoglu AM, Villar J, Ngoc NTN, et al. WHO multicentre randomized trial of misoprostol in the management of the third stage of labour. Lancet. 2001; 358:689-695 3. Hemorrhage Treatment - Oxytocin 80% Pollard et al. Estimating the impact of interventions on cause- specific maternal mortality: a Delphi approach. BMC Public Health 2013, 13(Suppl 3):S12 4. Eclampsia Management - MgSulfate 43% Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Nov 10 5. Sepsis Prevention - Facility Births 60% Pollard et al. Estimating the impact of interventions on cause- specific maternal mortality: a Delphi approach. BMC Public Health 2013, 13(Suppl 3):S12 6. Sepsis Prevention - Home Births 60% Pollard et al. Estimating the impact of interventions on cause- specific maternal mortality: a Delphi approach. BMC Public Health 2013, 13(Suppl 3):S12 7. Sepsis treatment - Antibiotics 80% Pollard et al. Estimating the impact of interventions on cause- specific maternal mortality: a Delphi approach. BMC Public Health 2013, 13(Suppl 3):S12 8. PAC management - Misoprostol 50% The final MMR was calculated by dividing the remaining number of maternal deaths by the number of births expected at the new contraceptive prevalence level (current 3.0 million births annually minus 110,000 averted through increased use of family planning. Cost Estimates Family Planning Unit costs for the different supply methods were taken from UNFPA’s RH Interchange database and multiplied by the amount required to provide one couple-year of protection (CYP). It was assumed that 15 cycles of the pill, 120 condoms or 4 injectables would provide one CYP. IUDs and Implant were assumed to provide 3.5 years of protection or CYPs. Their cost was thus divided by 3.5. The RH Interchange price for implants ($18.80) was replaced with a cost estimate per implant of $8.50 to reflect the recent price reduction seen, but not yet reflected in the database, due to the introduction of Sino- Implants. Drug and supply cost for male and female sterilization came from calculations carried out by the Guttmacher Institute for its Adding It Up 3 publication using UNFPA’s RHCT costing tool with updated 2013 prices. It was assumed that new users would adopt methods based on the current modern method mix. Cost Estimates Maternal Health Interventions Based on WHO treatment guidelines the following drugs and supplies were costed using drug prices from both the MH International Drug Price Indicator and the UNICEF Supply Catalogue. Hemorrhage Prevention and Treatment Sepsis Prevention and Treatment Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia Treatment i CSA Projection. ii WHO. 2014. Maternal Mortality 1990-2013. iii WHO. 2014. Maternal Mortality 1990-2013. iv WHO and UNICEF. 2012 Countdown, Country Profiles v Based on: Blanc et al. 2013. New Findings for Maternal Mortality Age Patterns: Aggregated Results for 38 Countries. PLoS ONE 8(4): e59864. vi CSA Projection. vii UN Population Division. World Marriage Data 2012. viii Mini EDHS 2014. ix PMA Survey 2020. x Futures Institute. Spectrum, LiST module.

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