The Global Programme to Enhance Reproductive Health Commodity Security - Annual Report 2011

Publication date: 2011

The Global Programme to Enhance Reproductive Health Commodity Security Annual Report 2011 b Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security UNFPA: Delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe, and every young person’s potential is fulfilled. Reproductive health commodity security (RHCS) is achieved when all individuals can obtain and use affordable, quality reproductive health supplies of their choice whenever they need them. Cover: In Djibouti, a portrait of young couple with their child. Credit: Giacomo Pirozzi/Panos iCONTENTS CONTENTS Foreword .vi Executive Summary .vii Introduction .xi CHAPTER ONE: GOAL OF THE GPRHCS . xiv 1.1 Adolescent birth rate .1 1.2 Maternal mortality ratio .2 1.3 Youth HIV prevalence rate .4 CHAPTER TWO: INCREASING AVAILABILITY, ACCESS AND USE . 6 Outcome: The Global Programme seeks results in increased availability, access and utilization of reproductive health commodities for voluntary family planning, HIV/STI prevention and maternal health services 2.1 Unmet need for family planning .8 2.2 Contraceptive prevalence rate–modern methods .8 2.3 Number of GPRHCS Stream 1 countries with service delivery points (SDPs) offering at least 3 modern methods of contraceptives . 13 2.4 Number of GPRHCS Stream 1 countries where 5 life-saving maternal/RH medicines from the list of UNFPA priority medicines are available in all facilities providing delivery services . 17 2.5 Number of Stream 1 countries with service delivery points with ‘no stock-outs’ of contraceptives within last six months . 19 2.6 Funding available for contraceptives including condoms .23 CHAPTER THREE: CATALYZING NATIONAL POLITICAL AND FINANCIAL COMMITMENT . 28 Output: Country RHCS strategic plans developed, coordinated and implemented by government with their partners Output: Political and financial commitment for RHCS enhanced 3.1 Number of countries where RHCS strategy is integrated with national RH/SRH, HIV/AIDS, gender & reproductive rights strategies . 28 3.2 Number of countries with strategy implemented (national strategy/action plan for RHCS implemented) .33 3.3 Number of countries with functional co-ordination mechanism on RHCS or RHCS is included in broader coordination mechanism .33 3.4 Number of countries with essential RH commodities in EML (contraceptives and life-saving maternal/RH medicines in EML) .37 3.5 Funding mobilized for GPRHCS on a reliable basis (e.g. multi-year pledges) . 38 3.6 UNFPA signed MOUs with Stream 1 country governments .40 3.7 RHCS mainstreamed in regional policies and strategies through UNFPA work with global, bilateral and regional organizations/partners . 42 3.8 Number of countries that have included RHCS priorities in a) PRSP and b) Health sector policy and plan and SWAps . 42 3.9 Number of countries maintaining allocation within SRH/RHCs budget line for contraceptives .46 CHAPTER FOUR: STRENGTHENING HEALTH SYSTEMS: INTEGRATION, LOGISTICS AND MAINSTREAMING .48 Output: Capacity and systems strengthened for RHCS Output: RHCS mainstreamed into UNFPA core business 4.1 Number of countries using AccessRH for procurement of RHCs .48 4.2 Number of pre-qualified suppliers of IUDs and condoms for use by UNFPA and partners . 51 4.3 Number of Stream 1 countries making ‘no ad hoc requests’ to UNFPA for commodities (non-humanitarian) . 51 4.4 Number of Stream 1 countries forecasting for RH commodities using national technical expertise .53 RESULTS IN 2011 ii Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security 4.5 Number of Stream 1 countries managing procurement process with national technical expertise .53 4.6 Number of Stream 1 countries with functioning LMIS . 54 4.7 Number of Stream 1 countries with co-ordinated approach towards integrated health supplies management system . 54 4.8 Number of Stream 1 countries adopting/adapting a health supply chain management information tool .55 4.9 Expenditure of UNFPA/CSB core resources for RHCS increased .57 4.10 GPRHCS planning takes into account lessons learned in RHCS mainstreaming .57 4.11 Number of countries with RHCS priorities included in CCA, UNDAF, CPD, CPAP and AWP .60 4.12 Number of UNFPA Country Offices with increasing funds allocated to RHCS .60 4.13 Number of countries with all the relevant joint UN programmes for SRH and MNH that include RHCS . 62 4.14 Number of national/regional institutions providing quality technical assistance on RHCS in the areas of training and workshops . 62 4.15 Cluster achievements .64 CHAPTER FIVE: ADVOCACY, PARTNERSHIP AND MARKET SHAPING . 68 5.1 UN Commission on Life-Saving Commodities for Women and Children . 68 5.2 Joint interagency work on priority medicines for mothers and children . 70 5.3 Emergency/humanitarian response . 70 5.4 Coordinated Assistance for Reproductive Health Supplies (CARhs) . 70 5.5 Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition . 71 5.6 Marie Stopes International (MSI) . 71 5.7 AccessRH .72 5.8 Prequalification and Quality Assurance policy/WHO.73 5.9 New UNFPA cluster approach to programme implementation .73 5.10 Executive Director’s Task Team for addressing unmet needs for family planning.74 5.11 Bill and Melinda Gates support for strengthening transition planning and advocacy at UNFPA .74 5.12 Capacity Building in Procurement workshops .74 5.13 Condom programming .76 CHAPTER SIX: KEY ISSUES IN RHCS .78 6.1 RHCS and family planning . 78 6.2 Young people and adolescents . 81 6.3 RHCS and middle-income countries . 82 6.4 Innovations to reach the underserved communities .84 6.5 UN High Level Meeting on Reproductive Commodity Security. 89 CHAPTER SEVEN: BY THE NUMBERS .90 7.1 Programme management .90 7.2 Commodity purchases and benefits . 93 7.3 Finance . 95 CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSION AND WAY FORWARD . 100 Annexes .103 GLOBAL LEVEL KEY ISSUES BY THE NUMBERS iiiCONTENTS TABLES Table 1: Adolescent birth rate for GPRHCS Stream 1 countries Table 2: Maternal mortality ratio for GPRHCS Stream 1 countries Table 3: Unmet need for family planning for GPRHCS Stream 1 countries Table 4: Contraceptive prevalence rate (modern methods): Stream 1 countries (percentage) Table 5: Family planning demand satisfied in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries Table 6: Per cent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by contraceptive method currently used for selected GPRHCS Stream 1 countries Table 7: Percentage of service delivery points (SDPs) offering at least three modern methods of contraception in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries in 2008 to 2011 Table 8: Percentage of sampled SDPs by type of facility, offering at least three modern methods of contraception in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries in 2010 and 2011 Table 9: Percentage of SDPs with five life-saving maternal/RH medicines (including three UNFPA priority medicines) available in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries in 2010 and 2011 Table 10: Percentage of SDPs reporting ‘no stock-out’ of contraceptives within the last six months in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2008 to 2011 Table 11: Percentage of SDPs reporting ‘no stock-out’ of contraceptives within the last six months by Location of SDP in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2011 Table 12: Trends in support for contraceptives and condoms among major donors, 2005-2011 Table 13: Trends in CYP for contraceptive commodity support by donors, 2005-2010 Table 14: RHCS strategy integrated into sectoral strategies in Stream 1 countries, 2010 and 2011 Table 15: RHCS strategy integrated into sectoral strategies in Stream 2 countries, 2010 and 2011 Table 16: RHCS strategies/action plans in Stream 1 countries, 2009 to 2011 Table 17: RHCS strategies/action plans in Stream 2 countries, 2010 and 2011 Table 18: Coordinating mechanism in place in Stream 1 countries, 2009 to 2011 Table 19: Coordinating mechanism in place in Stream 2 countries, 2010 and 2011 Table 20: Stream 1 countries with essential RH commodities (contraceptives and life-saving maternal/RH medicines) in EML; and, who have signed MOU between Government and UNFPA for GPRHCS implementation in 2011 Table 21: Stream 2 countries with essential RH commodities (contraceptives and life-saving maternal/RH medicines) in EML in 2011 Table 22: Amount mobilized from donor countries in US$ Table 23: RHCS issues included in PRSP, health policy & plan, and SWAp in Stream 1 countries, 2010 and 2011 Table 24: RHCS issues included in PRSP, health policy & plan, and SWAp in Stream 2 countries, 2010 and 2011 Table 25: Existence of line item for contraceptives in national budget for GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2011 Table 26: Existence of line item for contraceptives in national budget for GPRHCS Stream 2 countries, 2011 Table 27: Government budget allocation for contraceptives in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2008 to 2011 Table 28: Stream 1 countries making ‘no ad hoc requests’ to UNFPA for commodities (non-humanitarian) in 2011 Table 29: Stream 2 countries making ‘no ad hoc requests’ to UNFPA for commodities (non-humanitarian) in 2011 Table 30: Stream 1 countries using national technical experts for forecasting and procurement of RH commodities Table 31: Number of Stream 1 countries with co-ordinated approach towards integrated health supplies management system Table 32: Number of Stream 1 countries adopting/adapting a health supply chain management information tool Table 33: GPRHCS planning in 2011 for Stream 1 countries takes into account lessons learned Table 34: GPRHCS planning in 2011 for Stream 2 countries takes into account lessons learned iv Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Table 35: Stream 1 countries with RHCS priorities included in: a) CCA, b) UNDAF, c) CPD, d) CPAP and e) AWP Table 36: Stream 2 countries with RHCS priorities included in: a) CCA, b) UNDAF, c) CPD, d) CPAP and e) AWP Table 37: Programme management indicators, 2011 Table 38: Contraceptives provided to all countries in 2011 Table 39: Male and female condoms provided to all countries in 2011 Table 40: Contraceptives provided to Stream 1 countries in 2011 Table 41: Sources of GPRHCS funds available in 2011 Table 42: Breakdown of total expenditure for GPRHCS, 2009 to 2011 Table 43: Breakdown of capacity building expenditure, 2009 to 2011 ANNEX Table 44: Contraceptives provided to Stream 1 countries in 2011 Table 45: Contraceptives provided to Stream 2 countries in 2011 Table 46: Contraceptives provided to Stream 3 countries in 2011 Table 47: Male and female condoms provided to Stream 1 countries in 2011 Table 48: Male and female condoms provided to Stream 2 countries in 2011 Table 49: Male and female condoms provided to Stream 3 countries in 2011 Table 50: CYP from contraceptives provided to Stream 1 countries in 2011 Table 51: CYP from contraceptives provided to Stream 2 countries in 2011 Table 52: CYP from contraceptives provided to Stream 3 countries in 2011 Table 53: CYP from male and female condoms provided to Stream 1 countries in 2011 Table 54: CYP from male and female condoms provided to Stream 2 countries in 2011 Table 55: CYP from male and female condoms provided to Stream 3 countries in 2011 FIGURES Figure 1: Current fertility for women 15-19 in some GPRHCS Stream 1 countries Figure 2: Trends in lifetime risk of maternal deaths in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries Figure 3: HIV prevalence among young people aged 15-24 in selected GPRHCS Stream 1 countries by level of education Figure 4: Contraceptive prevalence rate (modern methods) for selected Stream 1 countries Figure 5: Family planning demand satisfied in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries Figure 6: Per cent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by contraceptive method currently used for selected GPRHCS Stream 1 countries Figure 7: Percentage of service delivery points (SDPs) offering at least three modern methods of contraception in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries in 2008 to 2011 Figure 8: Percentage of sampled SDPs by location, offering at least three modern methods of contraception in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries in 2011 Figure 9: Percentage of SDPs with five life-saving maternal/RH medicines (including three UNFPA priority medicines) available by type of SDPs in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2011 Figure 10: Percentage of SDPs with five life-saving maternal/RH medicines (including three UNFPA priority medicines) vailable by Location of SDPs in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2011 Figure 11: Percentage of SDPs reporting ‘no stock-out’ of contraceptives within the last six months by type of SDP in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2011 vCONTENTS Figure 12: Percentage of SDPs reporting ‘no stock-out’ of contraceptives within the last six months by location of SDP in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2011 Figure 13: Trends in total donor support by year, 2005-2010 Figure 14: Trend in donor expenditure by commodities, 2005 to 2011 Figure 15: Trend in donor expenditure by commodities, 2005-2010 Figure 16: Trends in CYP for contraceptive commodity support by donors, 2005-2010 Figure 17: RHCS strategy integrated into sectoral strategies in Stream 1 countries, 2010 and 2011 Figure 18: RHCS strategy integrated into sectoral strategies in Stream 2 countries, 2010 and 2011 Figure 19: Number of Stream 1 countries with RHCS strategy being implemented Figure 20: Number of Stream 2 countries with RHCS strategy being implemented Figure 21: Number of Stream 1 countries with national coordinating mechanisms Figure 22: Number of Stream 2 countries with national coordinating mechanisms Figure 23: Stream 2 countries with essential RH commodities (contraceptives and life-saving maternal/RH medicines) in EML in 2011 Figure 24: Resources mobilized for GPRHCS, 2008 to 2011 Figure 25: Resources contributed by donors to GPRHCS, 2008 to 2011 Figure 26: RHCS issues included in PRSP, health policy & plan, and SWAp in Stream 1 countries, 2010 and 2011 Figure 27: RHCS issues included in PRSP, health policy & plan, and SWAp in Stream 2 countries, 2010 and 2011 Figure 28: Government budget allocation for contraceptives in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries 2008 to 2011 Figure 29: Percentage distribution of cost of commodities (in US$) shipped by AccessRH by destination of shipment in 2011 Figure 30: Number of countries to which third party clients made shipments through Access RH by region/sub-region in 2011 Figure 31: Stream 1 countries using national technical experts for forecasting and procurement of RH commodities Figure 32: Amount allocated to CSB (million US$) Figure 33: Couple years of protection (CYP) of contraceptive methods provided in 2011 Figure 34: GPRHCS expenditure on commodities and capacity building, 2009 to 2010 Figure 35: Trends for total GPRHCS expenditure for commodity and capacity building, 2009 to 2011 Figure 36: Trend of country level capacity development expenditure, 2009 to 2011 Figure 37: GPRHCS resources expended by output and by Stream for 2011 Figure 38: GPRHCS resources expended by output, 2010 and 2011 vi Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security FOREWORD Delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every birth is safe and every young person’s potential is fulfilled is a mission that demands a comprehensive approach to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund, is a trusted development partner working in close collaboration with governments, non-government and civil society organiza- tions, cultural and religious leaders and other stakeholders and valued partners. UNFPA works in 155 countries, with field offices in 128 countries. As the leader in the implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), UNFPA gives priority to two key targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): reducing maternal deaths and achieving universal access to reproductive health, including voluntary family plan- ning. UNFPA launched two thematic funds to accelerate progress by catalyzing na- tional action and scaling up interventions in critical areas. The Global Programme to Enhance Reproductive Health Commodity Security (GPRHCS) has mobilized $450 million since 2007 to ensure access to a reli- able supply of contracep- tives, condoms, medicines and equipment for family planning, HIV/STI prevention and maternal health. In 2011, the Global Programme provided pivotal and strategic support for the procurement of essential supplies and for capacity development to strengthen national health systems in 46 countries. In less than five years, countries began reporting impressive results: more couples are able to real- ize their right to family planning, more health centres are stocked with contraceptives and life-saving maternal health medicines, family planning is increasingly being prioritized at the highest levels of national policies, plans and pro- grammes, and more governments are allocating domestic resources for contraceptives. The Maternal Health Thematic Fund (MHTF) supports high maternal mortality countries to accelerate progress in reducing the number of women who die giving birth and in reducing associated morbidity. Its evidence-based business plan focuses on: emergency obstetric and newborn care; human resources for health, particularly through the Midwifery Programme; and the prevention and treatment of obstetric fistula, leading the Global Campaign to End Fistula. Together with GPRHCS, it also fosters HIV inte- gration and supports synergistically specific areas of family planning in some countries. Supplementing UNFPA’s core funds, the MHTF has mobilized $100 million since its inception in 2008 and currently, provides strategic support to 43 countries. Working together, these initiatives support the UN Secretary-General’s Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health and are engaged in the UN Commission on Life-Saving Commodities for Women and Children. These and other actions are placing maternal health high on national and global agendas. The many achievements featured in this report demonstrate the importance of strong political commitment, adequate investments and en- during partnerships. I would like to take this opportunity to thank countries, donors, other partner organizations and all colleagues for their productive collaboration now and in the future. Babatunde Osotimehin Executive Director, UNFPA The GPRHCS has mobilized $450 million since inception in 2007 viiEXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Global Programme to Enhance Reproductive Health Commodity Security (GPRHCS) is the UNFPA flagship programme to ensure access to a reliable supply of contraceptives, condoms, medicine and equipment for family planning, HIV/STI prevention and maternal health services. Progress in the five years since the programme was launched has been very significant. The Global Programme has mobilized $450 million since 2007. While the trend towards greater emphasis on capacity development continues, support to reproductive health commodities through the GPRHCS 2008-2011 includes contraceptives worth 56 million couple years of protection. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY UNFPA provided multi-year support to 12 Stream 1 countries and funded targeted initia- tives in 34 Stream 2 countries through the Global Programme in 2011. The increase in total number of countries from 45 in 2010 to 46 in 2011 reflects Nigeria’s move from Stream 2 to Stream 1 status, thus increasing the num- ber of Stream 1 countries from 11 to 12, and reflects the division of Sudan and South Sudan. Some additional ad hoc support was provided to Stream 3 countries. Total expenditure for 2011 was $76.3 million (provisional), with $32 million used for the provision of commodities and $44 million for capacity development. Within UNFPA, the Global Programme worked in collaboration with the Maternal Health Thematic Fund to provide program- matic support to ensure that life-saving mater- nal health drugs and supplies were available in all facilities. The GPRHCS also worked closely with the HIV/AIDS Branch to increase the availability of contraceptives in countries with high HIV prevalence and among vulnerable populations. Young mother in Madagascar visits a clinic to learn about contraceptive implants. Credit: Josiane Yaguibou/UNFPA viii Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Selected results and country highlights from 2011: 6. All Stream 1 and 2 countries have functional coordi- nating mechanisms for reproductive health commodity security. This includes the addition of Haiti since the previous year. 7. Essential medicines lists exist in all 46 countries. 8. All 46 countries include RHCS in their national Poverty Reduction Strategies as of 2011, ensuring its priority at the highest levels. This is a marked increase from 10 Stream 1 countries and 15 Stream 2 countries in 2010. 9. Budget lines for RH commodities, a strong indicator of government commitment, are present in 11 out of 12 Stream 1 countries, excepting Haiti. Budget lines for RHCS are present in 20 out of 34 Stream 2 coun- tries. Governments are beginning to commit more of their national resources to contraceptives. Allocations increased in 2011 in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Lao PDR, Mali and Nicaragua (Ethiopia’s nearly doubled). A budget line was established for the first time in Nigeria and in Sierra Leone. 10. National technical expertise for commodity forecasting and for managing procurement processes is being used in 10 out of 12 Stream 1 countries, up by two from last year; 11. Based on demand from countries, expenditure on capacity development continued to increase from 19.3 per cent in 2009 to 34 per cent in 2010 to 47 per cent in 2011, reflecting intensified efforts to build capacity and strengthen systems; 12. Funding levels for the GPRHCS reached an all-time high of $145 million in 2011, up nearly 30 per cent from the previous year. 1. The increase in contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) has continued from previous years. This trend was again confirmed in two countries where recent na- tional data was available, Burkina Faso and Ethiopia. In Burkina Faso, CPR has increased from 13.3 per cent (MICS 2006) to 16.2 per cent (DHS 2010). In Ethiopia, CPR has nearly doubled from 13.9 per cent (DHS 2005) to 27.3 per cent (DHS 2011). Improved use of modern methods of contraceptive also has been recorded in other GPRHCS programme countries. In Madagascar, CPR rose by 11 percentage points from 18 per cent (DHS 2004) to 29.2 per cent (DHS 2008- 9). In Niger, CPR increased from 11.7 per cent (DHS 2006) to 21 per cent (HMIS 2010). 2. Access to appropriate methods is improving. In 10 out of 12 Stream 1 countries, three modern methods of contraceptives were available in at least 80 per cent of service delivery points. In 2011, the percentage of service delivery points (SDPs) offering at least three modern contraceptive methods improved in Madagascar from 30.8 per cent 2009 to 97.2 per cent in 2011. In Ethiopia, the increase was from 60 per cent in 2006 to 97.2 per cent in 2011. In Nicaragua, the increase was from 66.6 per cent in 2008 to 100 per cent in 2011. 3. The five essential maternal health drugs were available in more than 60 per cent of service delivery points in 11 out of 12 Stream 1 countries, an increase of one above last year; 4. Six Stream 1 countries had no stock-outs in more than 60 per cent their service delivery points, remaining unchanged from the previous year; 5. National strategic plans are in place for reproductive health commodity security (RHCS) under govern- ment leadership and with the involvement of relevant stakeholders in 11 of 12 Stream 1 countries, excepting Haiti. This is consistent with last year. Among Stream 2 countries, however, the number of plans in place increased from 26 countries in 2010 to 32 out of 34 countries in 2011. ixEXECUTIVE SUMMARY Heightened awareness of RHCS was demonstrated in 2011 by the presence of First Ladies, Ministers of Health and Parliamentarians at the first United Nations High Level Meeting on Reproductive Health Commodity Security. There is momentum for new ways of working in fam- ily planning, catalyzed by indicators set in the Global Programme that are helping countries to create a strong base. Heightened attention to method mix, choice of method and the importance of preventing stock-outs or shortfalls are a few of the indicators that are creating a foundation for sustained RHCS. Essential but underutilized commodities gained global attention in 2011 with establishment of the UN Commission on Life-Saving Commodities for Women and Children, for which UNFPA Executive Director Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin is vice-chair. Among the ‘neglected commodities’ championed by the Commission are contraceptive implants, emergency contraception and the female condom. UNFPA will take a lead role through the Global Programme to ensure access to these overlooked contraceptives along with the full range of methods and the ability of women to choose a method that fits their own fertility goals and life circumstances. Broader partnership for RHCS was a theme through- out 2011. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are among the many valued partners that engage with UNFPA through the Global Programme. These partners help na- tional governments with advocacy, technical training, devel- oping models, delivering services and exchanging informa- tion. The Global Programme procured supplies for many NGOs and benefitted from close collaboration in many ways. Key partners in 2011 included International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), Marie Stopes International (MSI), Population Services International (PSI), and the Universal Access to Female Condom Joint Programme. Country reports submitted annually include an abundance of ‘good practices’ that are making a difference on many fronts: mobilizing political commitment and financial re- sources, strengthening the management of supply systems, and reaching underserved communities. Among these country-driven initiatives are the following examples from 2011: • Evidence-based advocacy has mobilized high-level support for the national family planning strategy in Ecuador, including a personal commitment by the President of the Republic, along with Government support of $8 million for the strategy plus $7 million to procure modern contraceptives through UNFPA. • Men’s involvement has improved maternal health, including through modern family planning, in Niger, where the number of Schools for Husbands (Ecole des Maris) increased to 131 schools in the Zinder region plus 46 schools in Maradi. Planning began to launch the programme in Sierra Leone. • Innovative approaches are reaching more women and girls, increasing demand for reproductive health services. A civil society organization is monitor- ing health commodities in Sierra Leone, reducing theft and enhancing accountability. Young women in Senegal are benefitting from the wisdom of more than 1,200 Bajenu Gox, older women community leaders with training in sexual and reproductive health. In Maputo, Mozambique, girls and women gain information and empowerment in weekly group discussions known as Bancada Feminina. • The Government is making health a priority in Madagascar, where it is using CHANNEL software for control, transparency and follow-up in the man- agement of health commodities. The commitment of Government was also demonstrated in Nigeria and in Sierra Leone in 2011, when lines for reproductive health commodities were established in their national budgets for the first time. An independent review conducted in 2011 found that the GPRHCS has successfully set up country-level build- ing blocks for reproductive health commodity security.1 The Global Programme has continued in line with the UNFPA Strategic Plan, and planning began for the next five years of the programme, with discussion of ele- ments such as a clear exit strategy; indicators for demand creation and sustainability; and emphasis on access to information, services and essential supplies for adolescents and youth. 1 Synthesis Report, UNFPA Global Programme to Enhance Reproductive Health Commodity Security Mid-Term Review, January 2012 x Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Woman from an ethnic group in northern Lao PDR obtains contraceptives at the village pharmacy. Credit: Vincent Gautier/UNFPA xiINTRODUCTION Access is the aim inherent in all of the country-driven activities catalyzed by UNFPA support. Access is about going the last mile to reach a woman who wants to space or avoid pregnancy yet is hard- to-reach due to poverty, geography, ethnicity, disability, displacement or age. Having access means that national policies are in place, the logistics management information system is functioning and the supply chain ends with a quality method of choice in the hands of the people who need it, when they need it. Their reproductive rights – their human rights – depend on access. Ultimately, access to reproductive health commodities, including life-saving maternal health medicines, is a requirement for achieving the MDG and ICPD promise of universal access to reproductive health. UNFPA established the Global Programme to Enhance Reproductive Health Commodity Security in 2007 as a framework for assisting countries in planning for their own needs. It is a thematic fund created to catalyze national action. At the request of governments, UNFPA provides strategic and pivotal support to: • Integrate reproductive health commodity security in national policies, plans, programmes and budget lines through advocacy with policy makers, parliamentarians and partners in government; • Strengthen the delivery system to ensure a reliable sup- ply, logistics information and supply management; • Procure contraceptives and other essential reproductive health supplies and promote their use through various mechanisms such as community-based distribution; • In partnership with the Maternal Health Thematic Fund and HIV/AIDS Branch, provide training to build skills at every step, from forecasting needs to providing quality information and services. Since 1990, UNFPA has been considered to be the largest multilateral supplier of contraceptives and condoms, and the lead United Nations agency for reproductive health commodity security. However, funding shortages and a ten- dency to look at reproductive health commodities in isola- tion from other issues meant that support in this area was often substantial but ad hoc. UNFPA launched the Global Programme to Enhance Reproductive Health Commodity Security to provide a structure for moving beyond ad hoc responses to stock-outs towards more predictable, planned and sustainable country-driven approaches for securing essential supplies and ensuring their use. In only a few years, it is already yielding measureable results. It provides INTRODUCTION Reproductive health commodity security (RHCS) is achieved when all individuals can obtain and use affordable, quality reproductive health supplies of their choice whenever they need them. It has a pivotal and strategic role in accelerating progress towards the ICPD Programme of Action and the Millennium Development Goals. A secure, steady and reliable supply of reproductive health commodities has an impact on each of the three indica- tors associated with universal access to reproductive health: adolescent birth rate, maternal mortality ratio and youth HIV prevalence rate. The indicators are used globally to measure progress in achieving MDG 5 to improve mater- nal health. UNFPA joins with a wide range of partners in governments, other agencies and civil society in working towards this goal. xii Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security support to: (1) develop capacity to strengthen health systems; and (2) procure reproductive health commodities. This fund is a catalyst for national efforts to build stronger health systems to procure essential supplies. In addition, UNFPA is the largest multilateral supplier of contraceptives and condoms. The Global Programme applies selection criteria and designates the level of country support in terms of funding streams. It supports countries through three funding streams in order to address the specific needs of each country: • Stream 1 provides multi-year funding to a relatively small number of countries. These predictable and flexible funds are used to help countries develop more sustainable, human rights-based approaches to RHCS, thereby ensuring the reliable supply of reproductive health commodities and the concerted enhancement of national capacities and systems. • Stream 2 funding supports initiatives to strengthen several targeted elements of RHCS, based on the coun- try context. • Stream 3 is emergency funding for commodities in countries facing stock-outs for reasons such as poor planning, weak infrastructure and low in-country capacity. Stream 3 also provides support for coun- tries facing humanitarian situations, including natural or man-made disasters. In these settings, the GPRHCS works closely with UNFPA’s Humanitarian Response Branch (HRB) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to deliver much-needed commodities in times of emergency. All funding through this stream is used for the provision of commodities. 2011 STREAM 1 COUNTRIES 2011 STREAM 2 COUNTRIES 1. Burkina Faso 1. Benin 18. Lesotho 2. Ethiopia 2. Bolivia 19. Liberia 3. Haiti 3. Botswana 20. Malawi 4. Lao PDR 4. Burundi 21. Mauritania 5. Madagascar 5. Central African Republic 22. Namibia 6. Mali 6. Chad 23. Papua New Guinea 7. Mongolia 7. Congo 24. Sao Tome and Principe 8. Mozambique 8. Côte d’Ivoire 25. Senegal 9. Nicaragua 9. Democratic Republic of the Congo 26. South Sudan 10. Niger 10. Djibouti 27. Sudan 11. Nigeria 11. Ecuador 28. Swaziland 12. Sierra Leone 12. Eritrea 29. Timor Leste 13. Gabon 30. Togo 14. Gambia 31. Uganda 15. Ghana 32. Yemen 16. Guinea 33. Zambia 17. Guinea-Bissau 34. Zimbabwe xiiiINTRODUCTION Reporting on results The outcome indicators against which progress is monitored include contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) and unmet need for family planning. The programme is producing some impressive results, particularly in the 12 priority countries receiving the most comprehensive support. Results-based management (RBM) is a priority for UNFPA. The GPRHCS Monitoring and Evaluation Framework was reviewed extensively in 2009 in a col- laborative effort by UNFPA Country Offices, Regional Offices, donors and partners. Improvements in monitoring and reporting on indicators enabled the Global Programme to gather valuable data on progress and results in reproduc- tive health commodity security at the national, regional and global levels. The programme is able to demonstrate specific achievements in this report because UNFPA has implemented results-based management − an approach for more effective and efficient ways of working. This report looks at the results (goal, outcome and output) and associated indicators that are used to mea- sure progress in the Global Programme to Enhance Reproductive Health Commodity Security. The results- based approach builds on the GPRHCS Monitoring and Evaluation Framework and the UNFPA Results and Resources Framework. This report presents both aggregate data and specific examples to highlight achievements in 2011. At the goal and outcome level, there is the goal of universal access to reproductive health by 2015 and uni- versal access to comprehensive HIV prevention by 2010 for improved quality of life. The outcome level seeks in- creased availability, access and utilization of reproductive health commodities for voluntary family planning, HIV/STI prevention and maternal health services in the Global Programme to Enhance RHCS focus countries. At the output level GPRHCS activities are supported to achieve four results: (1) Country RHCS strategic plans developed, coordinated and implemented by government with their partners; (2) political and financial commit- ment for RHCS enhanced; (3) Capacity and systems strengthened for RHCS; (4) RHCS mainstreamed into UNFPA core business. Reporting on these results is based on analyzing achieve- ments on key indicators associated with each output within the monitoring and Evaluation framework of the 2011 STREAM 1 COUNTRIES 2011 STREAM 2 COUNTRIES 1. Burkina Faso 1. Benin 18. Lesotho 2. Ethiopia 2. Bolivia 19. Liberia 3. Haiti 3. Botswana 20. Malawi 4. Lao PDR 4. Burundi 21. Mauritania 5. Madagascar 5. Central African Republic 22. Namibia 6. Mali 6. Chad 23. Papua New Guinea 7. Mongolia 7. Congo 24. Sao Tome and Principe 8. Mozambique 8. Côte d’Ivoire 25. Senegal 9. Nicaragua 9. Democratic Republic of the Congo 26. South Sudan 10. Niger 10. Djibouti 27. Sudan 11. Nigeria 11. Ecuador 28. Swaziland 12. Sierra Leone 12. Eritrea 29. Timor Leste 13. Gabon 30. Togo 14. Gambia 31. Uganda 15. Ghana 32. Yemen 16. Guinea 33. Zambia 17. Guinea-Bissau 34. Zimbabwe GPRHCS. This ensures the update of data on results at the national, regional and global level as may be applicable. Structure of this report This report showcases results in the 46 countries of the Global Programme, synthesizing and analyzing country reports and good practices received from all Stream 1 and Stream 2 countries. It begins by briefly providing context for the programme’s goal and outcome. The core of the report is the section ‘Results in 2011’. Additional infor- mation is provided in narrative sections about the global level and key issues. ‘By the Numbers’ includes manage- ment, procurement and financial reporting. Finally, the conclusion leads to the way forward – the next five years of the Global Programme. Acknowledgements The UNFPA Commodity Security Branch would like to acknowledge the contributions of all donors, without whom these accomplishments would not have been possible. Recognition for the results described in this report is also due to many valued partners in govern- ments, other United Nations agencies and organizations, non-governmental organizations and civil society groups. This annual report was produced by Desmond Koroma, monitoring and evaluation specialist, and Susan Guthridge-Gould, writer and editor. The consultants would like to acknowledge the guidance and over- sight provided by Dr. Kechi Ogbuagu and Mr. Jagdish Upadhyay and the valuable contributions from numerous colleagues within the Commodity Security Branch and UNFPA Country/Regional Offices who provided the detailed information used in compiling the report. xiv Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security GOAL OF THE GPRHCS CHAPTER ONE Young women in Bamako, Mali.Young women in Bamako, Mali. Credit: CommerceandCultureAgency/Getty Images Goal: Universal access to reproductive health by 2015 and universal access to comprehensive HIV prevention by 2010 for improved quality of life. Through interventions in the area of reproductive health commodity security, the GPRHCS supports UNFPA’s strategic interventions to achieve health outcomes at country level. The GPRHCS supports countries to secure a reliable supply of contraceptives and other essential supplies and strengthen service delivery systems. The aim is for countries to achieve RHCS outcomes as an integral part of their overall health sector interventions. This is accomplished through the GPRHCS results framework, which is intrinsically linked to the UNFPA Strategic Plan. This section looks at indicators associated with the goal, providing context for the activities supported by UNFPA throughout the year. The Global Programme is an intervention by UNFPA to achieve nationally set goals within the context of the Millennium Development Goals: The overarching goal is to contribute towards the achievement of universal ac- cess to reproductive health by 2015 and universal access to comprehensive HIV prevention by 2010 for improved quality of life. Progress is measured through three indica- tors —adolescent birth rate, maternal mortality ratio and youth HIV prevalence rate—that are also globally used to measure progress in achieving MDG 5 to improve maternal health. Since goal-level results are contributed to by all actors, presentation of progress here should not be attributed to the GPRHCS or indeed UNFPA. This section is meant 1CHAPTER ONE: GOAL OF THE GPRHCS to provide information on current levels of achievement in GPRHCS countries and place in context the support provided by the programme. 1.1 Adolescent birth rate The adolescent birth rate (ABR) is a measurement of the number of births to women 15 to 19 years of age per 1,000 women in that age group. It represents the incidence of childbearing among adolescent women 15 to 19 years of age, which gives an idea of prevalence factors such as unprotected sex, early marriage and early childbearing. It has implications for the disruption of schooling among adolescent girls and their life chances. In GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, urban and rural differences exist in birth rates for adolescent girls in urban and rural areas. Figure 1 shows that in all the countries birth rates for urban girls are lower than for girls in rural ar- eas. In countries such as Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Madagascar 2 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security and Nigeria, birth rates for adolescents in rural areas are more than double that for girls in urban areas. The incidence of teenage pregnancy and motherhood in these countries is higher among women in poor households than households with the highest wealth index, survey results have shown. In Haiti (DHS, 2005-06), for example, 21.5 per cent of females 15 to 19 years in the lowest wealth quin- tile had children or were pregnant at the time of the survey compared with 7.1 per cent of females in the highest wealth quintile. In the case of Nigeria (DHS, 2008), 32.2 per cent of females aged 15 to 19 years in the lowest wealth quintile had children or were pregnant at the time of the survey compared to 11.2 per cent in the highest wealth quintile. Further disparities are also shown when education levels are taken into consideration. In Mali (DHS 2006) the percentages of females aged 15 to 19 years who had chil- dren or were pregnant at the time of the survey were 43.3 for those with no education, 31.2 per cent for those with primary education and 15.8 per cent for those with second- ary education. The same pattern existed for Nicaragua (DHS 2006) where the percentage for women with no education (64.2 per cent) was nearly twice as high as for women with primary education (34 per cent) and nearly four times higher than women with secondary education (16.3 per cent). The GPRHCS supports countries to ad- dress the reproductive health needs of young people. The adolescent birth rate for these countries range from 18.5 per 1,000 women (15-19) in Mongolia to 199 per 1,000 women (15-19) in Niger. The ABR in Stream 2 countries are within the same range. Among the Stream 2 countries only Ecuador has an ABR of less than 100. 1.2 Maternal mortality ratio Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) refers to the number of women who die from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or in- cidental causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, per 100,000 live births. MMR for GPRHCS Stream countries ranged from 65 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births for Mongolia to 970 for Sierra Leone, according to recent UN estimates, as shown in Table 2. Only three out of the 46 GPRHCS countries (Ecuador, Nicaragua and Mongolia) all of them outside of sub-Saharan Africa, have MMR of 100 or less. The UN estimates further show that the lifetime risk of maternal death is higher in countries with high MMR than those with low MMR. This risk refers to the prob- ability that a 15-year-old female will die eventually from a maternal cause if she experiences throughout her lifetime the risks of maternal death and the overall levels of fertility 0 50 100 150 200 250 Burkina Faso 2008 Ethiopia 2005 Madagascar 2008-09 Mail 2006 Mozambique 2003 Niger 2006 Nigeria 2008 Sierra Leone 2008 H IV p re va le nc e Country and date of survey Figure 1: Current fertility for women 15-19 in some GPRHCS Stream 1 countries Source: Macro International Inc, 2012. MEASURE DHS STATcompiler. http://www.measuredhs.com, March 23, 2012 3CHAPTER ONE: GOAL OF THE GPRHCS and mortality that are observed for population of that country. In 1990 the lifetime risks of maternal death were estimated to be worst in Niger (1 in 9), Mali (1 in 13), Nigeria (1 in 14), followed by Ethiopia, Lao PDR and Sierra Leone (1 in 15) and Mozambique (1 in 16). While all countries have shown improvements, the lifetime risks have greatly Country Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) Country Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) Burkina Faso 560 Mongolia 65 Ethiopia 470 Mozambique 550 Haiti 300 Nicaragua 100 Lao PDR 580 Niger 820 Madagascar 440 Nigeria 840 Mali 830 Sierra Leone 970 Table 2: Maternal mortality ratio for GPRHCS Stream 1 countries Table 1: Adolescent birth rate for GPRHCS Stream 1 countries improved in Mongolia from 1 in 180 (1990) to 1 in 730 (2008); and, in Nicaragua from 1 in 96 (1990) to 1 in 300 (2008). With the exception of Mongolia and Nicaragua, the lifetime risk of maternal death is below 1 in 100 in the other 10 Stream 1 countries. Through the GPRHCS, UNFPA has supported countries to adopt cost-effective strategies including the provision Country Adolescent birth rate* Year Per 1,000 women 15-19 Burkina Faso 2001 131.0 Ethiopia 2003 109.1 Haiti 2003 68.6 Lao PDR 2005 110.0 Madagascar 2008 148.0 Mali 2004 190.0 Mongolia 2007 18.5 Mozambique 2001 185.0 Nicaragua 2005 108.5 Niger 2004 198.9 Sierra Leone 2006 143.0 Source: * Population and Development Branch, Have we progressed on MDG5b; The empirical evidence in advancing Universal Access to Reproductive Health Technical Division, UNFPA New York, June 2010 Source: Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2008; Estimates Developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank; Annex 1, page 23 4 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security life-saving maternal health medicines, training of skilled birth attendants, and provision of family planning information and services to prevent unwanted pregnan- cies and unsafe abortions. Other interventions such as provision of essential obstetric care are supported largely through the other strategic funding mechanisms. 1.3 Youth HIV prevalence rate One way in which the impact of HIV among young people has been assessed is by examining the percent- age of young people aged 15-24 who are living with HIV out of total population in that age group. This indicator is important because it enables the assessment of the effect of the disease on young people which has implication for socio economic development especially at the national level. According to UNAIDS2, nearly 80 per cent of young peo- ple living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa. The report indicates that the HIV epidemic has been harsh on the lives of young women, who comprise 66 per cent of infections among young people worldwide. Available DHS data show that indeed HIV/AIDS is more prevalent among young females than young males. For instance, HIV prevalence among young people aged 15-24 in Liberia was found to be 0.5 per cent for males and 1.7 per cent for females (DHS Figure 2: Trends in lifetime risk of maternal deaths in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Note: Estimates have been rounded according to the following scheme: <100, no rounding; 100–999, rounded to nearest 10; and >1000, rounded to nearest 100. Source: WHO/UNICEF/UNFPA/World Bank. Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2008. Estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and The World Bank. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2010 (http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241500265_eng.pdf). 1990 LI fe ti m e ri sk o f m at er na l d ea th s (1 in ) 1995 2000 2005 2008 Burkina Faso Mongolia Ethiopia Mozambique Haiti Nicaraqua Lao PDR Niger Madagascar Nigeria Mali Sierra Leone 2 http://data.unaids.org/pub/outlook/2010/20100713_outlook_young- people_en.pdf page 6 5CHAPTER ONE: GOAL OF THE GPRHCS 2007); in Mozambique it was 3.7 per cent for males and 11.1 per cent for females (HIV/AIDS Indicator Survey 2009) and in Haiti it was 0.6 per cent for males and 1.5 per cent for females (Mortality; morbidity and service utilization survey 2005-2006). In Malawi, like other countries, although HIV prevalence among young people has decreased, the wide dispari- ties between boys and girls still exist. Malawi shows a decreasefrom 2.1 per cent to 1.9 per cent for males and from 9.1 per cent to 5.2 per cent for females (DHS, 2004 and 2010). Patterns of disparities also exist by level of education and between urban and rural populations. As shown in Figure 3, HIV prevalence among young people aged 15-24 years was found to be higher among females with secondary or higher education in Burkina Faso and Ethiopia, but in other countries it was higher Figure 3: HIV prevalence among young people aged 15-24 in selected GPRHCS Stream 1 countries by level of education 0 20 40 60 80 100 Burkina Faso (DHS 2003) Ethiopia (DHS 2005) Mali (DHS 2006) Mozambique (HIV/AIDS Survey 2009) Sierra Leone (DHS 2008) Haiti (2005-2006) Pe rc en ta ge o f H IV p re va le nc e No Education Male Primary Male Secondary and Higher Male No Education Female Primary Female Secondary and Higher Female Country among young people in the other education level cat- egories, in particular among those with no education. The patterns of HIV prevalence among young require well-focused strategies including comprehen- sive condom programming, awareness creation and delivery of sexual and reproductive health services. The GPRHCS has supported countries to undertake HIV/AIDS prevention and comprehensive condom programming activities. Along with support provided under other modalities, such as UBRAF, this support assists countries in their fight against HIV and AIDS. Source: HIV/AIDS Survey Indicators Database. http://www.measuredhs.com/hivdata/, March 23 2012. 6 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Increasing Availability, Access and Use CHAPTER TWO The Global Programme to Enhance Reproductive Health Commodity Security contributes to UNFPA action to achieve results related to Millennium Development Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health, including target 5.A. Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio, and target 5.B. Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health. The programme also contributes to the UNFPA Strategic Plan 2008-2012. Three sets of indicators have been adopted to assess progress in this regard. The first set of outcome indicators relates to two family planning indicators derived from the UNFPA Strategic Plan, which are also indicators for MDG 5: • contraceptive prevalence rate; and • unmet need for family planning. Data for these two indicators are sourced from national survey results (mostly DHS) or from national HMIS where available. Since surveys are conducted infrequently, updates for these indicators are presented when they are available. The second set of outcome indicators measures progress for commodity security at country level: • number of GPRHCS Stream 1 countries with service delivery points (SDPs) offering at least three modern methods of contraceptives; • number of GPRHCS Stream 1 countries where five life- saving maternal/RH medicines from the list of UNFPA priority medicines are available in all facilities providing delivery services; and • number of Stream 1 countries with service delivery points with ‘no stock-outs’ of contraceptives within last six months. Annual national surveys are supported for Stream 1 countries to obtain data for these three indicators. The survey results help track availability of essential medicines and contraceptives at tertiary, secondary and primary SDP levels. These surveys are supported because the Young women in Bamako, Mali.A choice of modern contraceptive methods is displayed in Guinea. Credit: Mariama Sire Kaba/UNFPA Chapter two: InCreasIng avaIlabIlIty, aCCess and use 7 RESULTS IN 2011 Outcome: Increased availability, access and utilization of reproductive health commodities for voluntary family planning, HIV/ STI prevention and maternal health services in the Global Programme on RHCS focus countries. RESULTS IN 2011 8 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security health management information systems (HMIS) in the GPRHCS Stream 1 countries do not generate accurate information for these indicators. Since 2010, the Stream 1 countries have conducted the survey in accordance to a standardized methodology and survey guidelines that recommends a framework for choosing representative samples of service delivery points that provide modern contraceptive methods and maternal/reproductive health services in each country. The third area focuses on tracking donor resources. The outcome indicator is ‘Funding available for contraceptives including condoms’. Data for this indicator is sourced from UNFPA’s donor support report published by the Commodity Security Branch based on information de- rived from donor databases. In each year’s publication, the information is presented for the previous rather than the current year. 2.1 Unmet need for family planning Unmet need for family planning is a statistical measure that calculates the percentage or number of sexually active women who say they want to stop childbearing or delay their next birth by at least two years but are not using any method of contraception. It is a valuable measure of progress and challenges of meeting the family planning felt needs of women. UNFPA supports country-led family planning efforts through GPRHCS. Key activities include the provision of commodities; strengthening health systems; scaling up family planning demand creation activities; and work- ing through national structures to help women overcome social, economic and physical barriers to family planning. Table 3 shows unmet need for family planning in the 12 focus countries. Updated information is provided for Ethiopia, where unmet need has declined from 34 per cent (DHS 2005) to 25 per cent (DHS 2011The newly added Stream 1 country, Nigeria, is shown with an unmet need of 20 per cent. The range in data remains the same as in previous years. Unmet need in Stream 1 countries ranges from 10.7 per cent in Nicaragua to 37.5 per cent in Haiti. Unmet need in Stream 2 countries ranges from 3.8 per cent in Timor Leste to over 40 per cent in Uganda. Addressing unmet need for family planning is important because it contributes to reducing maternal death by reduc- ing the number of pregnancies, number of abortions and proportion of births at high risk. It also offers direct and indirect additional health, social and economic benefits including reducing infant mortality and slowing the spread of HIV/AIDS. 2.2 Contraceptive prevalence rate – modern methods The use of modern methods of contraception has increased notably in several focus countries receiving sustained support from the GPRHCS. The indicator ‘contracep- tive prevalence rate (CPR) modern methods’ refers to the proportion of women aged 15-49 who are using, or whose sexual partners are using, any modern method of contra- ception. It is measure of progress made in improving family planning outcomes for increased accessibility and use of contraceptives at national level. New survey results for Burkina Faso show an increase in CPR from 13.3 per cent (MICS, 2006) to 16.2 per cent (DHS, 2010). New survey results for Ethiopia show an increase in CPR from 13.9 per cent (DHS, 2005) to 27.3 per cent (DHS, 2011) – nearly double. Table 4 and Figure 4 show updates on CPR for these two countries and add the new Stream 1 country, Nigeria, where CPR stands at 9.7 per cent (DHS 2008). Disaggregated data show disparities in contraceptive use by education levels with women with higher education Using software to manage RH supplies in Madagascar. Credit: UNFPA Madagascar Chapter two: InCreasIng avaIlabIlIty, aCCess and use 9 RESULTS IN 2011 Table 3: Unmet need for family planning for GPRHCS Stream 1 countries (percentage) Country Baseline (2008) 2009 2010 2011 Target (2013) Burkina Faso 31.3 (MOH) 28.8 (MOH) 28.8 (MOH) 28.8 (MOH) NA Ethiopia 34.0 (DHS 2005) 34.0 (DHS 2005) 34.0 (DHS 2005) 25.0 (DHS 2011) Less than 10% Haiti 37.5 (DHS 2005-06) 37.5 (DHS 2005-06) 37.5 (DHS 2005-06) 37.5 (DHS 2005-06) NA Lao PDR 27.3 (LRHS 2005) 27.3 (LRHS 2005) 27.3 (LRHS 2005) 27.3 (LRHS 2005) NA* Madagascar 24.0 (DHS 2004) 19.0 (MOH) 19.0 (MOH) 19.0 (DHS 2009) NA Mali 31.2 (DHS 2006) 31.2 (DHS 2006) 31.2 (DHS 2006) 31.2 (DHS 2006) NA Mongolia 14.4 (ENDSA 2008) 14.4 (ENDSA 2008) 14.4 (ENDSA 2008) 14.4 (ENDSA 2008) 10% Mozambique 18.4 (DHS 2003) 18.4 (DHS 2003) 18.4 (DHS 2003) 18.4 (DHS 2003) NA Nicaragua 10.7 (DHS 2006-07) 10.7 (DHS 2006-07) 10.7 (DHS 2006-07) 10.7 (DHS 2006-07) 8% Niger 22.0 (MOH 2007) NA NA NA NA Nigeria 20.0 (DHS 2008) Sierra Leone 28.0 (DHS 2008) 28.0 (DHS 2008) 28.0 (DHS 2008) 28.0 (DHS 2008) 40% reduction * CPR target is set in MNCH Strategy rather than unmet need Source: Updates compiled from 2011 GPRHCS country reports and related documents Table 4: Contraceptive prevalence rate (modern methods): Stream 1 countries Country Baseline 2009 2010 2011 Target Burkina Faso 8.6% (DHS 2003) 13.3% (MICS 2006) 13.3% (MICS 2006) 16.2% (DHS, 2010) 35% (2013) Ethiopia 13.9% (DHS 2005) 30.0% (MOHS) 32.0% (MOHS) 27.3% (DHS 2011) 65% (2015) Haiti 24.8% (DHS 2005-06) 24.8% (DHS 2005-06) 24.8% (DHS 2005-06) 24.8% (DHS 2005-06) 35% (2013) Lao PDR 35.0% (LRHS 2005) 35.0% (LRHS 2005) 35.0% (LRHS 2005) 35.0% (LRHS 2005) 55% (2015) Madagascar 18.0% (DHS 2004) 29.2% (MOHS) 29.2% (DHS 2008-09) 29.2% (DHS 2008-09) 36% (2012) Mali 6.9% (DHS 2006) 6.9% (DHS 2006) 6.9% (DHS 2006) 6.9% (DHS 2006) 15% (2013) Mongolia 40.0% (RHS) 52.8% (RHS 2008) 52.8% (RHS 2008) 52.8% (RHS 2008) 55% (2012) Mozambique 11.7% (DHS 2003) 11.7% (DHS 2003) 12.2% (MOH) 12.2% (MOH) 34% (2015) Nicaragua 69.8% (DHS 2007) 69.8% (DHS 2007) 69.8% (DHS 2007) 69.8% (DHS 2007) 72% (2013) Niger 11.7% (DHS 2006) 16.5% (MOH) 21% (HMIS) 21% (HMIS) 18% (2012) Nigeria - - - 9.7% (DHS 2008) - Sierra Leone - 7% (DHS 2008) 7% (DHS 2008) 7% (DHS 2008) 10.5% (2013) Source: Compiled from 2011 GPRHCS country reports and related documents 10 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Figure 4: Contraceptive prevalence rate (modern methods) for selected Stream 1 countries 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 C on tr ac ep ti ve P re va le nc e Burkina Faso Ethiopia Haiti Laos Madagascar Mali Mongolia Mozambique Nicaragua Niger Sierra Leone Nigeria Baseline (2008) 2009 2010 2011 Target Figure 5: Family planning demand satisfied in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Burkina Faso Ethiopia Lao PDR Madagascar MaliHaiti Pe rc en ta ge Percentage of Total Demand Satisfied Percentage of Total Demand NOT Satisfied Country Mongolia Mozambique Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Chapter two: InCreasIng avaIlabIlIty, aCCess and use 11 RESULTS IN 2011 Table 5: Family planning demand satisfied in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries (percentage) Country Unmet need Current use Total demand Percentage of total demand satisfied Percentage of total demand NOT satisfied Burkina Faso 28.8 16.2 45.0 36.0 64.0 Ethiopia 25.0 27.3 52.3 52.2 47.8 Haiti 37.5 24.8 62.3 39.8 60.2 Laos 27.3 35.0 62.3 56.2 43.8 Madagascar 19.0 29.2 48.2 60.6 39.4 Mali 31.2 6.9 38.1 18.1 81.9 Mongolia 14.4 52.8 67.2 78.6 21.4 Mozambique 18.4 12.2 30.6 39.9 60.1 Nicaragua 10.7 69.8 80.5 86.7 13.3 Niger 15.0 21.0 36.0 58.3 41.7 Nigeria 20.0 9.7 29.7 32.7 67.3 Sierra Leone 28.0 7.0 35.0 20.0 80.0 showing higher levels of contraceptive use. In the unique case of Nicaragua, the difference in contraceptive use for women with no education and those with secondary or higher level is narrower than for the other countries. When wealth is taken into consideration, the percentages of current users of contraceptives are disproportionately high- er among married women in the highest wealth quintile. In all countries, contraceptive use increases with the level of education of the women. Data also show disparities be- tween rural and urban residence. CPR is four times higher among urban residents than rural residents in Burkina Faso (28.5 urban compared to 5.2 rural), Ethiopia (42.2 urban compared to 10.6 rural); Mali (13 urban compared to 4.2 rural) and Sierra Leone (14.2 urban compared to 3.8 rural). Family planning demand satisfied Data on unmet need and contraceptive prevalence rate provides for the computation of ‘total demand’ for family planning and the percentage of family planning demand that is satisfied. The concept focuses on computing the per- centage of users of family planning with respect the sum of users and those who need family planning. The most recent data available for each country shown in Tables 3 and 4 have been used to generate data on contraceptive demand presented in Table 5 and Figure 5. The percentage of fam- ily planning demand satisfied is highest in Nicaragua (86.7 per cent) followed by Mongolia (78.6 per cent) and lowest in Sierra Leone (20 per cent) and Mali (18 per cent). Family planning method mix Family planning method mix provides information on the degree to which consumers use a range of methods. One way of assessing method mix is to measure the difference in prevalence rates between the most prevalent modern method in a country and the third-most prevalent method, divided by the total modern method prevalence3. On a ten-point scale, a higher value indicates a close-to-even spread and hence low concentration of users on a limited number of methods. This is normally interpreted as good and conducive for contraceptive security. On the other hand, a lower value on a ten-point scale is interpreted as high concentration of users among the methods and is interpreted as an unfavourable method mix. Table 6 3 USAID | DELIVER PROJECT, Task Order 1. 2010. Contraceptive Security Index Technical Manual. Arlington, Va.: USAID | DELIVER PROJECT, Task Order 1; Page 9 12 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Table 6: Per cent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by contraceptive method currently used for selected GPRHCS Stream 1 countries Modern method Burkina Faso Ethiopia Madagascar DHS 2003 DHS 2010 DHS 2005 DHS 2011 2003-04 2008-09 Female sterilization 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 1.1 1.1 IUD 0.4 0.3 0.2 2.1 0.6 0.4 Implant 1.2 3.4 0.2 3.4 0.3 1.5 Pill 2.2 3.2 3.1 0.3 3.4 6.0 Injectable 2.5 6.2 9.9 20.8 10.2 17.9 Male condom 2.1 1.6 0.2 0.2 1 1.1 Others 0.1 1.3 0.1 0 1.7 1.2 Total for modern methods (M-CPR) 8.6 16.2 13.9 27.3 18.3 29.2 Method mix score on a 10-point scale 9.5 8.1 3.0 3.2 5.4 4.3 Figure 6: Per cent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by contraceptive method currently used for selected GPRHCS Stream 1 countries 0 20 40 60 80 100 Burkina Faso Ethiopia Madagascar Pe rc en ta ge Others Male Condom Injectable Pill Implant Female Sterilization Country and Survey DHS 2003 IUD DHS 2010 DHS 2005 DHS 2011 2003-2004 2008-2009 = Long term and permanent Chapter two: InCreasIng avaIlabIlIty, aCCess and use 13 RESULTS IN 2011 presents data for three Stream 1 countries with the most recent DHS. The three methods with the highest prevalence in Burkina Faso accounted for 79 per cent of modern CPR in 2003 and the situation improved slightly to 67.9 per cent in 2010. The three methods with the highest prevalence in Ethiopia accounted for 95 per cent of modern CPR in 2005 and the situation improved slightly to 78 per cent in 2011. In Madagascar, the three highest methods accounted for 79.8 per cent of modern CPR in 2003-04 and the situa- tion worsened slightly to 85.6 per cent in 2008-09. With a method mix score of 9.5 points in 2003 and 8.1 points in 2010, Burkina Faso has better spread of users among the methods and can be interpreted as having a better method mix than the other countries. The situation is not favour- able in Ethiopia, where the method mix score was 3 points in 2005 and increased slightly to 3.2 points in 2011. Also in Ethiopia, the method with the highest prevalence in the two surveys (injectable) has increased in value from 9.9 per cent in 2005 to 20.8 per cent in 2011. Injectable contraceptives accounted for 71.2 per cent of CPR in 2005 compared to 76.2 per cent of CPR in 2011. Prevalence for long-term and permanent methods Figure 6 shows that the landscape is changing for long- term and permanent methods such as sterilization, IUD and implants. In Burkina Faso, these methods accounted for 19.8 per cent of CPR in 2003 and 24.1 per cent of CPR in 2010 – an increase that places it higher than the other countries in use of long-term and permanent meth- ods. In Ethiopia, there has been substantial improvement in the prevalence of long-term and permanent methods – increasing from 4.3 per cent in 2005 to 22 per cent of CPR in 2011. In contrast, the prevalence of long-term and permanent methods declined slightly in Madagascar from 10.9 per cent in 2003-04 to 10.3 per cent of CPR in 2008-09. 2.3 Number of GPRHCS Stream 1 countries with service delivery points (SDPs) offering at least 3 modern methods of contraceptives This indicator is critical to reproductive health commodity security. It assesses the percentage of service delivery points (SDPs) that report the availability of at least three types of modern methods of contraceptives. The modern methods under consideration are male condoms, female condoms, oral pills, injectables, IUDs, implants, and male and female sterilization. This indicator provides information for a better understanding of the efficiency of commodity distribution networks in a country and the availability of services when and where they are needed by clients. This Figure 7: Percentage distribution of service delivery points offering at least three modern contraceptive methods, 2011 round of surveys 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Pe rc en ta ge Burkina Faso Ethiopia Haiti Laos Madagascar Mali Mongolia Mozambique Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Sierra Leone Baseline (2008) 2009 2010 2011 Target Country 14 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Table 7: Percentage of service delivery points (SDPs) offering at least three modern methods of contraception in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries in 2008 to 2011 Country Baseline (2008) 2009 2010 2011 Target (2013) Burkina Faso NA 80.4 (2009) 93.5 90.3 100 (2012) Ethiopia 60.0 (2006) 90.0 98.0 97.2 100 (2010) Haiti 0 NA 93.0 91.8 90.0 (2013) Lao PDR 96.0 (2006) 91.0 93.0 67.0 100 (2012) Madagascar - 30.8 47.8 77.5 100 (2012) Mali - 100 97.0 83.0 NA Mongolia 98.0 NA 93.5 98.2 100 Mozambique 95.7 (HIS 2008) NA 96.5 97.1 100 Nicaragua 66.6 (2008) 92.0 99.5 100.0 100 Niger 56.0 (2008) NA 80.9 79.0 90.0 Nigeria 89.0 Sierra Leone - 88.0* 87.2 80.5 100 Source: GPRHCS 2010 country and related sample survey reports Note: 2010 and 2011 data from sample surveys reports of each country conducted using standardized methodology * Proportion with at least two modern methods available information is easily obtainable where HMIS are regu- larly updated. However, since this is not the case in the GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, the programme supports the conduct of annual surveys to obtain data for this indi- cator. Starting in 2010, a special tool has been adopted to facilitate the standardization of the survey in all countries. The percentage of service delivery points offering at least three modern contraceptive methods has improved in four countries (Madagascar, Mongolia, Mozambique and Nicaragua). Overall, data in Table 7 and Figure 7 show that in 2011 the figure varied from 67 per cent in Lao PDR to 100 per cent in Nicaragua. The benchmark for this indica- tor has been achieved in 11 Stream 1 countries where more than 75 per cent of SDPs offered at least 3 modern meth- ods of contraception. The availability of three modern methods has improved at the primary-level SDPs in four Stream 1 countries (Madagascar, Mongolia, Nicaragua and Sierra Leone). The same can be said for the secondary-level SDPs where four countries (Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mali and Nicaragua) either recorded improvements or maintained last year’s levels of achievement. At the tertiary SDP level, eight coun- tries either recorded improvements or maintained last year’s levels of achievement. Data is only available for 2011 in Nigeria, where three modern contraceptives were available at 97.1 per cent of tertiary-level SDPs. These results are shown in Table 8. Nicaragua is the only GPRHCS country where 100 per cent of SDPs in both rural and urban areas have three modern methods of contraceptives available. More than 90 per cent do so in Ethiopia, Madagascar and Mongolia, as shown in Figure 8. With the exception of Sierra Leone and Haiti, the percentages of SDPs with three modern contra- ceptives available are higher in urban areas than rural areas. Challenges to offering at least three modern methods of contraceptives The aim is to ensure that service delivery points offer at least three modern contraceptive methods on a sustain- able basis, as per national guidelines. These methods include male condom, female condom, oral pill, injectable, Chapter two: InCreasIng avaIlabIlIty, aCCess and use 15 RESULTS IN 2011 Table 8: Percentage of sampled SDPs by type of facility, offering at least three modern methods of contraception in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries in 2010 and 2011* Source: GPRHCS 2010 country and related sample survey reports * Tertiary facilities are cardiology, dermatology and physical medicine and these do not stock essential maternal health medicines. Country Primary Secondary Tertiary 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Burkina Faso 92.0 89.6 100 92.7 100 100 Ethiopia 97.6 96.4 98.4 98.4 100 100 Haiti 91.0 90.9 94.0 93.5 93.0 100 Lao PDR 89.0 67.0 95.0 92.0 94.0 93.0 Madagascar 50.0 97.3 50.6 94.9 61.8 85.7 Mali 88.0 77.0 88.0 95.0 73.0 82.0 Mongolia 92.0 98.2 100 97.8 100 100 Mozambique 96.7 98.9 95.0 92.1 100 100 Nicaragua 99.5 100 100 100 - - Niger 80.0 78.0 100 97.0 100 100 Nigeria - 84.0 - 94.3 - 97.1 Sierra Leone 70.0 90.2 76.0 58.2 78.0 50.0 Figure 8: Percentage of sampled SDPs by location, offering at least three modern methods of contraception in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries in 2011* 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Pe rc en ta ge Burkina Faso Ethiopia Haiti Laos Madagascar Mali Mongolia Mozambique Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Sierra Leone Urban Rural Countries 16 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security IUD, implant, female sterilization and male sterilization. However, as survey results have shown, important issues remain to be addressed. The challenges faced by some countries are explained below: Burkina Faso: Staff attrition in some secondary SDPs meant that vasectomy, tubal ligation, IUD and implant were not readily available in 2011. Even where commodities were readily available, the absence of staff affected the availability of these methods to clients on a sustainable basis. Ethiopia: Equipment was not available, facilities were not set up and/or there was a lack of trained providers: these are the major reasons why primary-level SDPs were not able to provide long-acting and permanent contraceptive methods in 2011. Also, this year’s survey results included newly- constructed health posts in Oromia and SNNP regions, which were not yet able to provide all the requisite meth- ods. Female condoms, for example, may not be registered by the country’s drug authority and so may not be available in all SDPs, in particular in the country’s rural SDPs. Haiti: In 2010, the country had a much larger presence of humanitarian actors especially international NGOs, which contributed to the strengthening of supply and distribution systems even in the face of the Haitian earthquake tragedy. With the gradual phasing out of humanitarian relief opera- tions, however, there has been a mass exodus of NGOs. This has affected the health systems and the ability of SDPs to offer the full complement of contraceptives to clients. Lao PDR: The minor difference observed in the indicator ‘availability of three modern methods of contraception’ (83 per cent in 2010 and 80 per cent in 2011) is linked to an increase in the number of facilities surveyed and the fact that most were at the primary-SDP level, where lack of trained staff challenges the national system to provide the requisite number of contraceptives. The number of SDPs in the survey increased from 344 facilities in 2010 to 386 facilities in 2011. The challenge posed by lack of trained health care providers for certain health interventions also affected the ability of the family planning programmes to ensure three modern contraceptives are available in SDPs. This is especially the case for IUDs, which were not avail- able in some SDPs because of lack of skilled personnel to insert them, especially at lower-level SDPs. Mali: The reduction in the number of SDPs providing three modern methods of contraceptives to clients was influenced by several factors. Sometimes contraceptive methods were not offered because clients have not demand- ed them, such as the female condom and male sterilization, even when SDPs were supposed to provide the methods. This was often the case in private SDPs where methods offered are driven by demand for the services. Also, the lack of trained services providers caused a reduction in the num- ber of health facilities that offered tubal ligation to clients. Furthermore, the number of SDPs in the survey increased from 153 facilities in 2010 to 166 facilities in 2011, most of which were in rural areas, where this indicator encoun- ters the most challenges. Niger: The slight decrease is attributable to the use of two different methodologies. In 2010, the survey was conduct- ed as part of the EMOC needs assessment, for which data was collected from a limited number of SDPs (those who provided maternal services only). In 2011, the survey was conducted in line with the GPRHCS guidelines and data was obtained from a broad range of SDPs. Sierra Leone: The introduction of a centralized drug distri- bution system by the Government of Sierra Leone in 2011 made it mandatory for all drugs including contraceptives to be distributed by one agency. The initial challenges of this system caused stock-outs of medicines and contraceptives in even tertiary and secondary SDPs. There was generalized unavailability of many drugs including contraceptives at SDPs. A process of engaging the services of an independent company to take over all procurement as well as the supply management system was finalized in 2012. This is expected to improve the distribution of commodities, including contraceptives. Motorbikes aid rural community-based distribution agents in Côte d’Ivoire Credit: UNFPA Côte d’Ivoire Chapter two: InCreasIng avaIlabIlIty, aCCess and use 17 RESULTS IN 2011 Table 9: Percentage of SDPs with five life-saving maternal/RH medicines (including three UNFPA priority medicines) available in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries in 2010 and 2011 *Source: GPRHCS 2010 and 2011 country and related sample survey reports Country 2010 2011 Target (2013) Burkina Faso 51.4 11.7 Y Ethiopia 76.1 79.6 100 Haiti 60.8 61.1 NA Lao PDR 13.0 41.0 NA Madagascar 66.6 67.4 100 Mali 92.0 85.0 NA Mongolia 76.8 86.8 98 Mozambique 68.4 69.9 NA Nicaragua 99.5 98.3 100 Niger 60.6 84.0 100 Nigeria - 85.1 Sierra Leone 75.5 91.2 100 2.4 Number of GPRHCS Stream 1 countries where 5 life-saving maternal/RH medicines from the list of UNFPA priority medicines are available in all facilities providing delivery services To reduce maternal death, the availability of life-saving maternal/RH medicines at service delivery points is critical. UNFPA works with partners to support gov- ernments in ensuring that these medicines are avail- able in adequate quantities and quality at all maternal health facilities. The 10 UNFPA priority medicines are Amoxicillin, Azithromycine, Benzathine Penicillin, Cefexime, Clotrimazole, Ergometrine, Iron/Folate, Magnesium Sulfate, Metronidazole and Oxytocin. GPRHCS supports Stream 1 countries to gather survey data on the number of SDPs that have 5 life-saving medicines available. The indicator measures the func- tionality of the supply management system including the ability of countries to forecast their needs and then procure and manage commodities to efficiently meet those needs. Table 9 shows that in eight out of the 11 countries where the survey has been conducted for two consecu- tive years, there have been improvements in the number of SDPs that have five life-saving medicines available. In Nicaragua, life-saving medicines continue to be available in almost all SDPs. All the tertiary-level SDPs (100%) in Lao PDR, Madagascar, Mongolia, Niger and Nigeria have the five life-saving medicines, as shown in Figure 9. For Mali and Sierra Leone, more secondary-level SDPs had life-saving medicines than tertiary-level SDPs. Urban facilities had more of the lifesaving medicines than the rural facilities, as shown in Figure 10, for Burkina Faso, Lao PDR and Haiti. Marked differences were observed between rural and urban SDPs in terms of SDPs with five life-saving medicines. This is in contrast to Mali, Nicaragua and Sierra Leone, where a higher percentage of rural SDPs with five life-saving maternal 18 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Figure 9: Percentage of SDPs with five life-saving maternal/RH medicines (including three UNFPA priority medicines) available by type of SDPs in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2011 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Pe rc en ta ge Burkina Faso Ethiopia Haiti Laos Madagascar Mali Mongolia Mozambique Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Sierra Leone Primary Secondary Country Tertiary health medicines were observed. For Niger, the percentages for rural and urban facilities are equal. Challenges to making 5 life-saving maternal/RH medicines available The surveys conducted in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries fo- cused on whether all the SDPs surveyed provided i) the fol- lowing three mandatory medicines: Magnesium Sulphate, Oxytocine and Ergometrine; and ii) any other two of the remaining medicines on the UNFPA priority list, which includes Amoxicillin, Azithromycine, Benzathine Penicillin, Cefexime, Clotrimazole, Ergometrine, Iron/Folate, Magnesium Sulfate, Metronidazole and Oxytocin. One of the challenges encountered in achieving progress against this indicator is that different national protocols, policies and guidelines dictate the type of SDPs that are allowed to make certain medicines available. This challenge and others have affected results in some countries. Burkina Faso: The survey found that according to national policy guidelines, provision of Magnesium Sulphate (an anti-convulsant) was not allowed for primary SDPs, which constituted a larger proportion of sampled facilities. Instead of magnesium sulphate, the most widely available anti- convulsant in Burkina Faso was Diazepam. As a result of the survey’s findings regarding low availability of five life- saving medicines, UNFPA has initiated dialogue with the Government to expand availability of Magnesium Sulphate. Haiti: With the gradual phasing out of humanitarian relief operations in 2011 came a mass exodus of NGOs. This has affected the ability of SDPs to make the required life-saving medicines available. Lao PDR: In line with national policy guidelines, the use of Magnesium Sulfate is not allowed at primary level SDPs. Most of the other drugs were readily available at all levels. Madagascar: As a result of the lingering social and politi- cal crisis, the reproductive health commodity needs of the country amounting to $8,000,000 in 2011 could not be mobilized by the Government. Presently, UNFPA is the only partner supporting the Ministry of Health in pur- chasing RH commodities, which is not enough to cover all the needs. Mali: Differences in sampling procedures affected the slight change in the indicator for Mali. Sikasso region, the second largest in the country, was partially included in the 2010 survey, while information from the Kayes region was not included in the 2011 survey. In addition to these Chapter two: InCreasIng avaIlabIlIty, aCCess and use 19 RESULTS IN 2011 Figure 10: Percentage of SDPs with five life-saving maternal/RH medicines (including three UNFPA priority medicines) available by location of SDPs in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2011 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Pe rc en ta ge Burkina Faso Ethiopia Haiti Laos Madagascar Mali Mongolia Mozambique Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Sierra Leone Urban Rural Country differences, some private SDPs would only stock com- modities that were in high demand and would not stock maternal health medicines, for example, where demand was judged to be low. Mongolia: Oxytocin is only issued as prescribed by the national protocol, which limits the availability of the medicines at only secondary and tertiary levels. Nicaragua: In the 2010 survey, 100 per cent of the 199 SDPs that provide delivery services had the five essential medicines available. In the 2011 survey, however, the sample was increased to 234 SDPs that provide delivery services. This expanded sample yielded 98.1 per cent at primary level and 100 per cent at secondary for SDPs offering the five life-saving medicines. Sierra Leone: The introduction of a centralized drug distri- bution system by the Government of Sierra Leone in 2011 made it mandatory for all drugs, including contraceptives, to be distributed by one agency. The initial challenges of this system caused stock-outs of medicines in all types of SDPs. The survey results provide significant insight into the problems that continue to challenge most of the Stream 1 countries in ensuring that rural areas (where most of the primary SDPs are located) are stocked with the requi- site medicines that help prevent maternal morbidity and mortality. The survey results could be used to corroborate findings of National Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (EmONC) needs assessments, which often reveal that facilities providing delivery services are not adequately stocked with the necessary supplies and medicines to save a woman’s life during childbirth. It is encouraging to note that some Stream 1 countries are making these medicines available in many rural facilities. 2.5 Number of Stream 1 countries with service delivery points with ‘no stock-outs’ of contraceptives within last six months Ensuring that service delivery points always have contracep- tives in stock to serve clients in line with national protocols is a priority for UNFPA’s work with partners and governments through the GPRHCS. This involves timely forecasting, pro- curement and distribution of reproductive health commodi- ties to avert stock-outs (shortages or shortfalls). It entails supporting countries to have fully functional logistics man- agement information systems in place, an issue influenced by various factors at the national and sub-national levels. 20 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security A stricter application of the definition of ‘no stock-out’ has been applied in the surveys conducted over the past two years. In adherence to this standard, six countries (Ethiopia, Lao PDR, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nicaragua and Niger) have achieved the defined threshold of at least 60 per cent for this indicator. Table 10 shows that Ethiopia still continues to maintain a ‘no stock-out’ rate in 99 per cent of the SDPs. Compared to the 2010 figures, however, the ‘no stock-out’ rate reflected a number of challenges and it decreased in most Stream 1 countries in 2011. Between 2010 and 2011, rates of ‘no stock-out’ in Burkina Faso decreased from 81.3 per cent to 12.8 per cent; Mongolia from 98 per cent to 38 per cent; and Nicaragua from 99.7 per cent to 65 per cent. Contraceptives were more available in Ethiopia and Niger, where all levels of SDPs had ‘no stock-out’ rates of over 80 per cent, than in other countries. However, for Burkina Faso, Haiti, Mali and Sierra Leone, ‘no stock-out’ rates at all levels of SDPs were lower than 40 per cent, as shown in Figure 11. Data presented in Table 11 shows that ‘no stock-out’ rates for 2011 are higher in rural areas in Haiti, Niger, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. In contrast, the ‘no stock out’ rates are higher in urban areas Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Lao PDR, Madagascar and Mozambique. Figure 12 shows that ‘no stock-out’ rate is higher for ur- ban SDPs in Burkina Faso than in the other countries. For Haiti, Niger, Nigeria and Sierra Leone, the ‘no stock-out’ rates in urban areas are less than 50 per cent of the total SDPs surveyed in each country. Individual modern contraceptive methods are tracked in the surveys. In Mali, ‘no stock-out’ rates in the last six months were male condom (72%), oral pills (78%), IUD (45%), implants (45%), injectables (80%) and female condom (36%). In Mozambique, the rates were male Table 10: Percentage of SDPs reporting ‘no stock-out’ of contraceptives within the last six months in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2008 to 2011 * For Lao PDR, the 2009 breakdown was: national = 20%, provincial hospitals = 50% district hospitals = 19% and health centre = 15% ** 100% in both tertiary and secondary facilities but 92% in primary facilities *** 100% for tertiary institutions and 95.2% for secondary and 99.3% for primary **** GPRHCS 2010 and 2011 country and related sample survey reports Country Baseline (2008) 2009 2010**** 2011**** Target (2013) Burkina Faso NA 29.2 (2009) 81.3 12.8 100% (2012) Ethiopia 60.0 (2006) 90.0 (2009) 99.2 98.8 100% (2012) Haiti NA NA 52.5 26.4 NA Lao PDR NA 20.0* 36.0 84.0 80.0% Madagascar 63.3 (2008) 74.4 (2009) 79.6 90.8 96.0% (2012) Mali - NA 46.0 31.0 NA Mongolia 100 100 97.6** 37.7 100% Mozambique NA NA 24.1 81.0 NA Nicaragua 66.0 (2008) 81.0 (2009) 99.7 64.5 92.0% Niger 0 100 (2009) 99.1*** 85.0 100% (2012) Nigeria 44.0 Sierra Leone - 77.0 41.4 35.4 100% Chapter two: InCreasIng avaIlabIlIty, aCCess and use 21 RESULTS IN 2011 Table 11: Percentage of SDPs reporting ‘no stock-out’ of contraceptives within the last six months by location of SDP in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2011 *Source: GPRHCS 2011 country and related sample survey reports Country By location Urban Rural Burkina Faso 17.9 9.3 Ethiopia 99.0 98.2 Haiti 25.0 27.4 Lao PDR 89.0 80.0 Madagascar 74.2 61.8 Mali 32.0 31.0 Mongolia 37.8 37.7 Mozambique 85.7 80.2 Nicaragua 65.8 63.7 Niger 76.0 87.0 Nigeria 42.5 45.1 Sierra Leone 31.5 35.5 Figure 11: Percentage of SDPs reporting ‘no stock-out’ of contraceptives within the last six months by type of SDP in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2011 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Pe rc en ta ge Burkina Faso Ethiopia Haiti Laos Madagascar Mali Mongolia Mozambique Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Sierra Leone Primary Secondary Country Tertiary 22 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security condom (77.4%); female condoms (47.4%); oral pills (71.5%); IUD (60.6%) and injectable (59.9%). Challenges to ensuring ‘no stock-outs’ of contraceptives within last six months Reasons for the reported levels of ‘no stock-out’ varied from country to country and are explained below: Burkina Faso: SDPs that were not manned by qualified or trained staff to dispense methods like vasectomy, tubal liga- tion, IUDs and implants were recorded as having a stock- out of the commodity. Also, the decline in the country’s ‘no stock-out’ rate in 2011 is because Burkina Faso experienced a stock-out of Jadelle (implant) when it took slightly longer than expected for stocks to be transferred from Rwanda, which had an overstock of the commodity. Ethiopia: No SDPs at the secondary or tertiary levels ex- perienced shortages of contraceptives, garnering ‘no stock- out’ rates of 100 per cent in the last six months surveyed. However, primary level SDPs showed a very slight reduction in rates especially for new SDPs that were added to the sur- vey in 2011. Rates also were affected by the non-availability of the female condom in some primary-level SDPs. Haiti: Compared to 2010, there were a much smaller number of development partners especially NGOs in the country in 2011. With limited assistance, the health system has not been able to fully recover and respond to the needs of clients. Therefore the ‘no stock-out’ rate was far lower in 2011 compared to 2010. Madagascar: The ‘no stock-out’ rate improved yet in 2011 Madagascar experienced shortfalls of Depo-Provera (injec- tion) in 2011 because the supplier (Pfizer) did not deliver the commodity on time. Pfizer explained that they had to renew authorization to deliver this commodity in Madagascar but this was delayed. Another reason was that some SDPs reported ‘no stock-out’ levels for commodities such as IUDs and implants, yet they do not presently have the technical expertise to offer these methods. Mali: The lack of trained service providers affected the provision of methods such as male and female steriliza- tion especially at secondary-level SDPs. The survey showed that the methods that were in high demand had higher ‘no stock-out’ rates: injectable (90%), oral pill (87%) and male condom (82%). Also there was an increase in sample size from 153 facilities in 2010 to 166 facilities in 2011, and Figure 12: Percentage of SDPs reporting ‘no stock-out’ of contraceptives within the last six months by location of SDP in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2011 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Burkina Faso Ethiopia Lao PDR Madagascar MaliHaiti Pe rc en ta ge Urban Rural Country Mongolia Mozambique Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Sierra Leone Chapter two: InCreasIng avaIlabIlIty, aCCess and use 23 RESULTS IN 2011 the additional SDPs were mostly primary-level centres in rural areas where most methods are not available. Mongolia: For 2011, the survey took into account a total of seven methods of contraception: male and female condoms, oral pills, IUDs, injectables, implants and the emergency pill. The latter two are generally not available all the time in all SDPs. Implanon, an implant, has not been widely introduced in Mongolia, nor is the emergency pill freely and continuously available in all three levels of SDPs. When these two methods are excluded, the ‘no stock-out’ rate increases to about 73 per cent. The rate is also affected by the lack of trained staff to provide methods such as male sterilization and female sterilization. Nicaragua: As of 2010, the Ministry of Health has promoted the IUD as one of the most cost-effective modern methods of contraception and has required all SDPs at the first and second levels of care to pro- vide this method. However, this call was not followed by the provision of basic equipment for insertion, training of adequate staff or an increase in the supply of IUDs to SDPs. Many SDPs were not prepared for the increase in demand for the method; hence the reduc- tion in the ‘no stock-out’ rate especially for this method. Niger: Generally, there are limited numbers of trained staff to provide certain methods like male sterilization, female sterilization, IUD and implant in line with national protocols. More specifically, a stock-out of Depo-Provera occurred, affecting the availability of the method in the regions of Maradi, Tahoua and Tillabery. Sierra Leone: As previously stated, the centralisation of the distribution of drugs including contraceptives in the hands of one agency caused the stock-out of modern family plan- ning methods in SDPs around the country. 2.6 Funding available for contraceptives including condoms Data for this indicator is sourced from the Report on Donor Support for Contraceptives and Condoms pub- lished annually by the Commodity Security Branch of UNFPA. The 2010 report highlights trends in support from bi-lateral and multi-lateral donors as well as social marketing organizations and provides information on Table 12: Trends in support for contraceptives and condoms among major donors, 2005-2011 Donors Expenditure, in millions of US$ 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 DFID 4.6 12.1 22.5 11.1 13.0 16.6 12.4 KFW 13.1 23.6 24.6 15.5 16.2 29.2 23.7 PSI 28.8 30.6 24.9 14.1 17.9 26.9 37.1 UNFPA 82.6 74.4 63.9 89.3 81.1 82.4 54.5 USAID 68.8 62.8 80.9 68.9 87.5 76.0 124.0 IPPF & MSI 9.6 5.1 6.4 14.9 23.0 4.1 6.9 DKT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 53.1 Global Fund 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.5 Total 207.5 208.6 223.2 213.7 238.8 235.2 323.2 Source: Donor Support Reports 2005 to 2010 24 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Table 13: Trends in CYP for contraceptive commodity support by donors, 2005-2011 Contraceptive Commodity CYP per year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total (2005 to 2011) Male Condom (FP) 6,114,308 5,588,278 8,071,223 5,901,258 6,802,989 6,993,128 9,192,183 48,663,367 Female Condom (FP) 17,543 33,534 41,120 45,473 94,606 46,014 51,408 329,699 Oral Contraceptive 13,488,820 11,910,886 12,812,580 15,559,921 9,735,427 10,792,169 15,182,474 89,482,277 Emergency Contraceptive 152,441 251,484 114,480 491,270 237,914 163,131 225,062 1,635,783 Injectable 16,772,305 16,921,649 17,431,727 23,612,963 19,808,911 22,420,907 19,891,409 136,859,871 IUD 70,965,819 11,828,109 25,142,734 13,082,391 28,736,297 28,605,353 28,884,403 207,245,105 Implant 542,665 716,755 2,154,730 2,638,360 4,734,735 6,153,538 5,932,423 22,873,205 Total CYPs 108,053,902 47,250,696 65,768,593 61,331,636 70,150,878 75,174,239 79,359,362 507,089,307 Source: CSB-UNFPA (August 2011); Donor Support for Contraceptives and Condoms for Family Planning and STI/HIV Prevention 2011 donor support for essential reproductive health commodi- ties, including contraceptives and condoms. The two major donors continue to be UNFPA and USAID, as shown in Table 12. While these donors accounted for 73 per cent of total spending on commodities in 2005, this declined to 67 per cent in 2010 and 55 per cent in 2011. Overall, from 2005 to 2011, donor support for contracep- tives and condoms has increased by about $116 million. Yearly totals vary, as shown in Figure 13. Donor support increased from $207.5 million in 2005 to $223.2 million in 2007, decreased to $213.7 million in 2008, increased sharply to $238.8 million in 2009 and decreased slightly to $235.2 million in 2010 and increased to 323.2 million in 2011. Expenditure on male condoms has been higher for all years than for any other commodity, as shown in Figure 15. The percentage donor support for long-term contracep- tive methods (IUDs and implants) increased from 4.8 per cent in 2005 to 11.8 per cent in 2008 and reached 16.4 Community theatre reaches rural audiences in Burkina Faso with messages about family planning. Credit: UNFPA Burkina Faso Chapter two: InCreasIng avaIlabIlIty, aCCess and use 25 RESULTS IN 2011 Figure 13: Trends in total donor support by year, 2005 to 2011 0 48 96 144 192 240 2005 To ta l d on or e xp en di tu re ( m ill io n $) Year 2006 2010200920082007 Figure 14: Trend in donor expenditure by commodity, 2005 to 2011 Condom (FEMALE) Implant Oral Contraceptives Condom (MALE) Injectables Other* Emergency Contraceptives IUD D on or e xp en di tu re ( m ill io ns $ ) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 2005 2006 2009 20102007 2008 2011 * Includes emergency contraceptives, vaginal tablets, foams/jellies, and sampling/testing EXCEPT for 2010 and 2011 where Emergency contraceptive has been separately accounted for. 26 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security per cent in 2011. After reaching a peak of $29.2 million in 2009, the donor support for female condoms substantially decreased to $11.3 million in 2010but increased slightly to $12.8 million in 2011. Expenditures on IUDs and other methods, including emergency contraceptives, have each remained below $5 million over the past six years. Donor support for implants has increased from 2.7 per cent of total expenditure in 2005 to 15.5 per cent of total expenditure in 2011. Expenditure on female condoms increased from 2.6 per cent of total expenditure in 2005 to Figure 15: Trend in donor expenditure by commodities, 2005-2011 0 20 40 60 80 100 2005 Pe rc en ta ge e xp en di tu re Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Condom (FEMALE) Implant Oral Contraceptives Condom (MALE) Injectables Other* Emergency Contraceptives IUD * Includes emergency contraceptives, vaginal tablets, foams/jellies, and sampling/testing EXCEPT for 2010 where Emergency contraceptive has been separately accounted for 12.2 per cent in 2009; however, it declined to 4.0 per cent of total expenditures in 2011, as shown in Figure 15. Donor support for contraceptives and condoms can be described in terms of Couple Years of Protection (CYP). Donor support from 2005 to 2010 amounted to about 392.3 million CYP. For the six years under consideration, donor expenditures resulted in the procurement of contra- ceptives that would provide protection for 392.3 million couples for one year. CYP refers to the estimated protec- tion provided by contraceptive methods during a one-year Chapter two: InCreasIng avaIlabIlIty, aCCess and use 27 RESULTS IN 2011 Figure 16: Trends in CYP for contraceptive commodity support by donors, 2005-2011 period based upon the volume of all contraceptives sold or distributed free of charge to clients during that period. The term ‘CYP’ reflects distribution and is a way to estimate coverage and not actual use or impact (Guttmacher CYP memo, September 20, 2011). CYP was highest at 108 million in 2005 but decreased sharply to 47.25 million in 2006 before increasing gradu- ally to 79.4 million in 2011. Figure 16 shows that the three major contributors to CYP for 2005 to 2011 were IUDs and injectables and oral contraceptives. With the growing need for family planning in the develop- ing world, there is an urgent need for increased investment in family planning, including donor expenditures on con- traceptives. This is necessary to reach the more than 215 million women in the developing world who want to delay or avoid pregnancy but are not using family planning. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Pe rc en ta ge C Y P Year 2005 2007 2009 2011 Condom (FEMALE) Implant Oral Contraceptives Condom (MALE) Injectables Other* Emergency Contraceptives IUD 2006 2008 2010 28 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Catalyzing National Political and Financial Commitment CHAPTER THREE Outputs that speak to political and financial commitment to reproductive health commodity security are presented in this section: i) Country RHCS strategic plans developed, coordinated and implemented by government with their partners, ii) Political and financial commitment for RHCS enhanced. Countries are supported to formulate and implement RHCS strategies that are well-integrated into health sector interventions. Stream 1 countries are especially assisted to ensure that relevant structures are in place to facilitate the institutionalization RHCS processes and actions. Specific actions and processes supported include preparation and implementation of RHCS strategies and action plans; integration of RHCS issues into key sec- toral strategies; establishment of functional coordinating bodies under the leadership of government; and ensuring RH commodities, including contraceptives, are included in the Essential Medicines List (EML) of each country. 3.1 Number of countries where RHCS strategy is integrated with national RH/SRH, HIV/AIDS, gender & reproductive rights strategies The indicator is used to assess the integration of appropri- ate RHCS issues into three thematic strategies. It is reported for both Stream 1 and 2 countries and provides information on progress made by each country in implementing RHCS Output 1: Country RHCS strategic plans developed, coordinated and implemented by government with their partners. 13 year old school girl in Ethiopia. Credit: Mikkel Ostergaard/Panos Chapter three: Catalyzing national politiCal and FinanCial Commitment 29 RESULTS IN 2011 CATALYZING NATIONAL POLITICAL AND FINANCIAL COMMITMENT strategies increased from seven countries in 2010 to nine countries in 2011, including Nigeria, the new Stream 1 country. More countries are integrating RHCS into sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights strategies. Among the 34 Stream 2 countries, the number increased from 26 countries in 2010 to 32 countries in 2011. Similar progress is also reported for the activities within the context of broader sectoral interven- tions such as sexual and reproductive health and repro- ductive rights (RH/SRH), HIV/AIDS and gender. All Stream 1 countries have integrated reproductive health commodity security into their RH/SRH strate- gies as well as into their respective HIV/AIDS strategies, as shown in Table 14 and Figure 17. The number of countries that have integrated RHCS into their gender RESULTS IN 2011 30 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Table 14: RHCS strategy integrated into sectoral strategies in Stream 1 countries, 2010 and 2011 Country RHCS strategy integrated into sectoral strategies RH/SRH HIV/AIDS Gender 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Burkina Faso Y Y Y Y Y Y Haiti Y Y Y Y N N Ethiopia Y Y Y Y Y Y Lao PDR Y Y Y Y N Y Madagascar Y Y Y Y N N Mali Y Y Y Y Y Y Mongolia Y Y Y Y Y Y Mozambique Y Y Y Y Y Y Nicaragua Y Y N Y N N Niger Y Y Y Y Y Y Nigeria* NA Y NA Y NA Y Sierra Leone Y Y Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 11 12 10 12 7 9 Source: *Nigeria was designated as a Stream 1 country in 2011, thus information for 2010 is in the Stream 2 table Figure 17: RHCS Strategy integrated into sectoral strategies in Stream 1 countries, 2010 and 2011 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 N um be r of c ou nt ri es Strategies and year 2010 2010 201020112011 2011 RH/SRH HIV/AIDS Gender Chapter three: Catalyzing national politiCal and FinanCial Commitment 31 RESULTS IN 2011 Country RHCS strategy integrated into sectoral strategies RH/SRH HIV/AIDS Gender 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Burkina Faso Y Y Y Y Y Y Haiti Y Y Y Y N N Ethiopia Y Y Y Y Y Y Lao PDR Y Y Y Y N Y Madagascar Y Y Y Y N N Mali Y Y Y Y Y Y Mongolia Y Y Y Y Y Y Mozambique Y Y Y Y Y Y Nicaragua Y Y N Y N N Niger Y Y Y Y Y Y Nigeria* NA Y NA Y NA Y Sierra Leone Y Y Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 11 12 10 12 7 9 Table 15: RHCS strategy integrated into sectoral strategies in Stream 1 countries, 2010 and 2011 Country RHCS strategy integrated into sectoral strategies RH/SRH HIV/AIDS Gender 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Benin Y Y Y Y N Y Bolivia Y Y Y Y N Y Botswana Y Y Y Y Y Y Burundi Y Y Y Y N Y Central African Republic Y Y Y Y Y Y Chad Y Y Y Y N N Congo Y Y Y Y Y Y Côte d'Ivoire Y Y Y Y Y Y Democratic Republic of the Congo Y Y Y Y Y Y Djibouti N Y N Y N Y Ecuador Y Y Y Y Y Y Eritrea Y Y Y Y Y Y Gabon Y Y Y Y Y Y Gambia Y Y Y Y N N Ghana N Y Y Y Y Y Guinea Y Y N Y N N Guinea-Bissau Y Y N Y N N Lesotho Y Y Y Y N N Liberia Y Y Y Y N Y Malawi Y Y Y Y N Y Mauritania Y Y Y Y Y Y Namibia Y Y Y Y Y Y Nigeria* Y NA - NA Y NA Papua New Guinea - Y - Y - N Sao Tome and Principe N Y N N N N Senegal Y Y Y Y Y Y South Sudan - Y - N - N Sudan - Y - N - N Swaziland Y Y Y Y N N Timor Leste - Y - Y - N Togo - Y - Y - Y Uganda Y Y Y Y Y Y Yemen - Y - N - N Zambia Y Y Y Y N Y Zimbabwe Y Y N Y N Y Total for ‘Yes’ 26 34 23 30 14 22 Source: * Nigeria was designated as a Stream 1 country in 2011, thus updates for 2011 are in the Stream 1 Table 32 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Table 16: RHCS strategies/action plans in Stream 1 countries, 2009 to 2011 Country RHCS strategies/action plans in Stream 1 countries Have RHCS strategy/action plan If yes, elements being implemented 2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011 Burkina Faso Y Y Y Y Y Y Ethiopia Y Y Y Y Y Y Haiti N N N N N N Lao PDR Y Y Y Y Y Y Madagascar Y Y Y Y Y Y Mali N Y Y N Y Y Mongolia Y Y Y Y Y Y Mozambique Y Y Y N Y Y Nicaragua Y Y Y N Y Y Niger Y Y Y Y Y Y Nigeria* - - Y - - Y Sierra Leone Y Y Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 9 10 11 7 10 11 * Nigeria was designated as a Stream 1 country in 2011, thus information for 2010 is in the Stream 2 table ** For contraceptives only 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 N um be r of c ou nt ri es Strategies and year 2010 2010 201020112011 2011 RH/SRH HIV/AIDS Gender Figure 18: RHCS Strategy integrated into sectoral strategies in Stream 2 countries, 2010 and 2011 Chapter three: Catalyzing national politiCal and FinanCial Commitment 33 RESULTS IN 2011 Country RHCS strategies/action plans in Stream 1 countries Have RHCS strategy/action plan If yes, elements being implemented 2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011 Burkina Faso Y Y Y Y Y Y Ethiopia Y Y Y Y Y Y Haiti N N N N N N Lao PDR Y Y Y Y Y Y Madagascar Y Y Y Y Y Y Mali N Y Y N Y Y Mongolia Y Y Y Y Y Y Mozambique Y Y Y N Y Y Nicaragua Y Y Y N Y Y Niger Y Y Y Y Y Y Nigeria* - - Y - - Y Sierra Leone Y Y Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 9 10 11 7 10 11 N um be r of c ou nt ri es Year 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 2010 20112009 N um be r of c ou nt ri es Year 2010 2011 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Figure 19: Number of Stream 1 countries with RHCS strategy being implemented Figure 20: Number of Stream 2 countries with RHCS strategy being implemented integration of RHCS issues into strategies for HIV/AIDS and gender, as shown in Table 15 and Figure 18. There are several reasons why RHCS issues may not be integrated in sectoral strategies, including the absence of such a strategies. Sao Tome and Principe, Yemen, South Sudan and Sudan indicated no HIV strategy in place. Chad, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti and Madagascar indi- cated no gender mainstreaming strategy in place. 3.2 Number of countries with strategy implemented (national strategy/action plan for RHCS implemented) This indicator looks at progress made in formulating and implementing RHCS strategies and action plans. The number of countries implementing elements of RHCS strategies and action plans has increased from 7 in 2009 to 11 in 2011, as shown in Figure 19. For Stream 2 countries, progress was made with the existence of an RHCS strategy/action plan reported in Gambia, Liberia and Mauritania for the first time in 2011, as shown in Table 17. Implementation is also taking place in six more countries compared to last year. Figure 20 indicates that 30 countries are now imple- menting the RHCS strategy/action plan compared to 24 last year. 3.3 Number of countries with functional coordination mechanism on RHCS or RHCS is included in broader coordination mechanism This indicator assesses progress made towards having a functional coordinating mechanism in place on RHCS under the leadership of government and with the partici- pation of a broad range of partners. With action taken in Haiti in 2011, all the GPRHCS Stream 1 countries now have a coordination mechanism in place and the mechanism includes RHCS issues and has terms of reference, as shown in Table 18 and Figure 21. For Stream 2 Countries, progress has been made in Burundi, Djibouti, Guinea and Sao Tome and Principe. All of the 34 Stream 2 countries now have a coordination mechanism, as reported in Table 19 and Figure 22. The mechanism includes RHCS issues 33 countries (the excep- tion being Djibouti) compared to 25 countries in 2010. 34 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Table 17: RHCS strategies/action plans in Stream 2 countries, 2010 and 2011 Country RHCS strategies/action plans Have RHCS strategy/action plan If yes, elements being implemented 2010 2011 2010 2011 Benin Y Y Y Y Bolivia Y Y Y Y Botswana Y Y Y Y Burundi Y Y Y Y Central African Republic Y Y Y Y Chad Y Y Y Y Congo Y Y Y Y Côte d’Ivoire Y Y N Y Democratic Republic of the Congo Y Y Y Y Djibouti Y Y Y Y Ecuador Y Y Y Y Eritrea Y Y Y Y Gabon Y Y Y Y Gambia N Y N Y Ghana Y Y Y Y Guinea Y Y Y Y Guinea-Bissau Y Y Y Y Lesotho Y Y N Y Liberia N Y N N Malawi Y Y Y Y Mauritania N Y N Y Namibia Y Y Y Y Nigeria* Y NA Y NA Papua New Guinea - N - N Sao Tome and Principe Y Y Y Y Senegal Y Y Y Y South Sudan - Y - Y Sudan - N - N Swaziland Y Y Y Y Timor Leste - Y - Y Togo - Y - Y Uganda Y Y Y Y Yemen - Y - N Zambia Y Y Y Y Zimbabwe Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 26 32 24 30 * Nigeria was designated as a Stream 1 country in 2011, thus updates for 2011 are in the Stream 1 table Chapter three: Catalyzing national politiCal and FinanCial Commitment 35 RESULTS IN 2011 Country RHCS strategies/action plans Have RHCS strategy/action plan If yes, elements being implemented 2010 2011 2010 2011 Benin Y Y Y Y Bolivia Y Y Y Y Botswana Y Y Y Y Burundi Y Y Y Y Central African Republic Y Y Y Y Chad Y Y Y Y Congo Y Y Y Y Côte d’Ivoire Y Y N Y Democratic Republic of the Congo Y Y Y Y Djibouti Y Y Y Y Ecuador Y Y Y Y Eritrea Y Y Y Y Gabon Y Y Y Y Gambia N Y N Y Ghana Y Y Y Y Guinea Y Y Y Y Guinea-Bissau Y Y Y Y Lesotho Y Y N Y Liberia N Y N N Malawi Y Y Y Y Mauritania N Y N Y Namibia Y Y Y Y Nigeria* Y NA Y NA Papua New Guinea - N - N Sao Tome and Principe Y Y Y Y Senegal Y Y Y Y South Sudan - Y - Y Sudan - N - N Swaziland Y Y Y Y Timor Leste - Y - Y Togo - Y - Y Uganda Y Y Y Y Yemen - Y - N Zambia Y Y Y Y Zimbabwe Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 26 32 24 30 Table 18: Coordinating mechanism in place in Stream 1 countries, 2009 to 2011 Country Coordinating mechanism in Stream 1 countries National country coordinating mechanism exists If yes, RHCS issues included in institutional mechanism If yes, does mechanism have TOR 2009 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Burkina Faso Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Ethiopia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Haiti N N Y N Y N Y Lao PDR Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Madagascar Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Mali Y** Y Y Y Y Y Y Mongolia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Mozambique Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Nicaragua Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Niger Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Nigeria* - - Y - Y - Y Sierra Leone Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 10 10 12 10 12 10 12 * Nigeria was designated as a Stream 1 country in 2011, thus information for 2010 is in the Stream 2 table Figure 21: Number of Stream 1 countries with national coordinating mechanisms Figure 22: Number of Stream 2 countries with national coordinating mechanisms N um be r of c ou nt ri es Year 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 2010 20112009 N um be r of c ou nt ri es Year 2010 2011 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 36 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Table 19: Coordinating mechanism in place in Stream 2 countries, 2010 and 2011 Country RHCS strategy integrated into sectoral strategies National country coordi- nating mechanism exists If yes, RHCS issues included in institutional mechanism If yes, does mechanism have TOR 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Benin Y Y Y Y N Y Bolivia Y Y Y Y Y Y Botswana Y Y Y Y Y Y Burundi N Y - Y - Y Central African Republic Y Y Y Y Y Y Chad Y Y Y Y Y Y Congo Y Y Y Y Y Y Côte d’Ivoire Y Y Y Y Y Y Democratic Republic of the Congo Y Y Y Y Y Y Djibouti N Y N N N Y Ecuador Y Y Y Y Y Y Eritrea Y Y Y Y Y Y Gabon Y Y Y Y Y Y Gambia Y Y Y Y N Y Ghana Y Y Y Y Y Y Guinea N Y N Y N Y Guinea-Bissau Y Y Y Y - Y Lesotho Y Y N Y Y Y Liberia Y Y Y Y Y Y Malawi Y Y Y Y Y Y Mauritania Y Y Y Y Y Y Namibia Y Y Y Y - Y Nigeria* Y NA Y NA Y NA Papua New Guinea - Y - Y - Y Sao Tome and Principe N Y N Y N N Senegal Y Y N Y N N South Sudan - Y - Y - Y Sudan - Y - Y - Y Swaziland Y Y Y Y Y Y Timor Leste - Y - Y - Y Togo - Y - Y - Y Gambia Y Y Y Y N Y Uganda Y Y Y Y N Y Yemen - Y - Y - Y Zambia Y Y Y Y Y Y Zimbabwe Y Y Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 25 34 23 33 19 33 * Nigeria was designated as a Stream 1 country in 2011, thus information for 2010 is in the Stream 2 table Chapter three: Catalyzing national politiCal and FinanCial Commitment 37 RESULTS IN 2011 Country RHCS strategy integrated into sectoral strategies National country coordi- nating mechanism exists If yes, RHCS issues included in institutional mechanism If yes, does mechanism have TOR 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Benin Y Y Y Y N Y Bolivia Y Y Y Y Y Y Botswana Y Y Y Y Y Y Burundi N Y - Y - Y Central African Republic Y Y Y Y Y Y Chad Y Y Y Y Y Y Congo Y Y Y Y Y Y Côte d’Ivoire Y Y Y Y Y Y Democratic Republic of the Congo Y Y Y Y Y Y Djibouti N Y N N N Y Ecuador Y Y Y Y Y Y Eritrea Y Y Y Y Y Y Gabon Y Y Y Y Y Y Gambia Y Y Y Y N Y Ghana Y Y Y Y Y Y Guinea N Y N Y N Y Guinea-Bissau Y Y Y Y - Y Lesotho Y Y N Y Y Y Liberia Y Y Y Y Y Y Malawi Y Y Y Y Y Y Mauritania Y Y Y Y Y Y Namibia Y Y Y Y - Y Nigeria* Y NA Y NA Y NA Papua New Guinea - Y - Y - Y Sao Tome and Principe N Y N Y N N Senegal Y Y N Y N N South Sudan - Y - Y - Y Sudan - Y - Y - Y Swaziland Y Y Y Y Y Y Timor Leste - Y - Y - Y Togo - Y - Y - Y Gambia Y Y Y Y N Y Uganda Y Y Y Y N Y Yemen - Y - Y - Y Zambia Y Y Y Y Y Y Zimbabwe Y Y Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 25 34 23 33 19 33 Table 20: Stream 1 countries with essential RH commodities (contraceptives and life-saving maternal/RH medicines) in EML; and, who have signed MOU between Government and UNFPA for GPRHCS implementation in 2011 Country Essential RH commodities (contraceptives and life-saving maternal/RH medicines) in EML in 2011 Government has signed MOU for GPRHCS implementation National country coordinating mechanism exists If yes, RHCS issues included in institutional mechanism If yes, does mechanism have TOR Burkina Faso Y Y Y Y Ethiopia Y Y Y Y Haiti Y Y Y Y Lao PDR Y Y Y Y Madagascar Y Y Y Y Mali Y Y Y Y Mongolia Y Y Y Y Mozambique Y Y Y Y Nicaragua Y N Y Y Niger Y Y Y Y Nigeria Y Y Y Y Sierra Leone Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 12 11 12 12 3.4 Number of countries with essential RH commodities in EML (contraceptives and life-saving maternal/RH medicines in EML) The indicator provides a measure for the progress made by GPRHCS countries in ensuring that an Essential Medicines List (EML) is in place, and that the list is revised to contain all the modern contraceptives and the 10 prior- ity reproductive health medicines, in line with national protocols and guidelines. All Stream 1 countries in the GPRHCS have an Essential Medicine List in place and the lists contain all UNFPA and WHO essential and life-saving maternal health medicines, as shown in Table 20. In 2010, two countries reported that their EMLs do not contain all the modern contraceptive methods. In Nicaragua, female condoms are not included on the list and, in Mozambique, the list did not include implants that year. In 2011, Mozambique reported progress and now has all of the modern contra- ceptives included on its list. Figure 23 shows that an EML exists in all the 34 Stream 2 countries in 2011. For 30 of these countries the lists include all the modern contraceptive methods and for 32 countries the list contains all the life-saving maternal health medicines. Table 21 shows that in Ecuador, Ghana, Malawi and Namibia the list does not include all the modern contraceptives methods; and in Lesotho and Togo the list does not contain all the life-saving maternal/RH medicines. In countries such as Namibia and Lesotho steps are being taken to revise the list to ensure that it contains all the relevant commodities. * Nicaragua shows ‘No’ for contraceptives because it does not include the female condom 38 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Figure 23: Stream 2 countries with essential RH commodities (contraceptives and life-saving maternal/RH medicines) in EML in 2011 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 EML exists EML contains contraceptives EML contains RH/Maternal Medicines N u, be r of c ou nt ir es Existence and contents of EMI inclusion of RHCS priorities in national and sectoral poli- cies and plans, and the maintenance of allocation within budget lines for contraceptives at country level. 3.5 Funding mobilized for GPRHCS on a reliable basis (e.g. multi-year pledges) This indicator provides information on resources mobi- lized from pledges made by donors for the implementa- tion of the Global Programme to Enhance Reproductive Health Commodity Security. It ascertains the results of resource mobilization efforts undertaken by the UNFPA Commodity Security Branch to support countries for the programmme’s implementation. Close to $365 million has been mobilized by UNFPA from various donors in support of the GPRHCS (Table 22). This amount has increased steadily from $55.3 million in 2008 to $144.9 million in 2011 (Figure 24). Output 2: Political and financial commitment for RHCS enhanced The Global Programme keeps track of progress regarding the commitment of both donors and governments. The GPRHCS provides support to countries to integrate RHCS issues into their sectoral and national development strate- gies and programmes. Such mechanisms enhance political and financial commitment. Key indicators identified to gauge the achievement of this output include availability of funding for GPRHCS through multi-year donor pledges, signing of MOUs with Stream 1 country governments, mainstreaming of RHCS issues in policies and strategies in the work of global and regional organizations and partners, Flood-affected Sri Lankans receive dignity kits. Contraceptives were also procured via the GPRHCS Stream 3. Credit: UNFPA Sri Lanka. Chapter three: Catalyzing national politiCal and FinanCial Commitment 39 RESULTS IN 2011 Table 21: Stream 2 countries with essential RH commodities (contraceptives and life-saving maternal/ RH medicines) in EML in 2011 Country Essential RH commodities (contraceptives and life-saving maternal/RH medicines) in EML in 2011 EML exists in the country If yes, does EML contains contraceptives If yes, does EML contains maternal drugs Benin Y Y Y Bolivia Y Y Y Botswana Y Y Y Burundi Y Y Y Central African Republic Y Y Y Chad Y Y Y Congo Y Y Y Côte d'Ivoire Y Y Y Democratic Republic of Congo Y Y Y Djibouti Y Y Y Ecuador Y N Y Eritrea Y Y Y Gabon Y Y Y Gambia Y Y Y Ghana Y N Y Guinea Y Y Y Guinea-Bissau Y Y Y Lesotho Y Y N Liberia Y Y Y Malawi Y N Y Mauritania Y Y Y Namibia Y N Y Papua New Guinea Y Y Y Sao Tome et Principe Y Y Y Senegal Y Y Y South Sudan Y Y Y Sudan Y Y Y Swaziland Y Y Y Timor Leste Y Y Y Togo Y Y N Uganda Y Y Y Yemen Y Y Y Zambia Y Y Y Zimbabwe Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 34 30 32 40 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Table 22: Amount mobilized from donor countries in US$ Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total Australia - - - 10,893,246 10,893,246 Denmark - - - 3,586,157 Canada - 1,996,805 - - 1,996,805 Finland 2,590,674 - - - 2,590,674 France - - 272,109 - 272,109 Ireland 1,557,632 - - - 1,557,632 Luxembourg 557,103 591,716 544,218 569,800 2,262,837 Netherlands 34,114,379 45,831,976 39,807,880 33,783,783 153,538,018 Spain 7,772,021 7,396,450 - - 15,168,471 Spain (Catalonia) - 563,471 420,168 - 983,639 United Kingdom 8,695,652 16,474,465 54,464,816 96,092,987 175,727,920 Total 55,287,461 72,854,883 95,509,191 144,925,973 364,991,351 * In 2011, DFID made available a total of $96,092,987, of which $55,910,543.13 was earmarked as support for the procurement of long-term methods (implants) and scheduled to be programmed in 2012. Resources were mobilized from five donors in 2011: Australia, Denmark, Luxembourg, Netherlands and United Kingdom (Figure 25). The Netherlands and the United Kingdom have been the two highest donors, with their joint share contributions to the GPRHCS increasing from 77.4 per cent in 2008 to 98.7 per cent in 2010, declining slightly to 89.6 per cent for 2011. 3.6 UNFPA signed MOUs with Stream 1 country governments A formal agreement with the UNFPA Country Office for the implementation of GPRHCS is signed with each Stream 1 country. This Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) spells out the expectations of each party and therefore provides a formal basis for cooperation, com- mitment and partnership for the implementation of the programme. It defines the common agreement; the roles and responsibilities of each party; modalities for making support available; and commitments pertaining to moni- toring, evaluation, reporting and other activities. Nigeria was designated a Stream 1 country, bringing the total number of Stream 1 countries up from 11 in 2010 to 12 in 2011. All Stream 1 countries have signed an MOU with UNFPA for the implementation of the GPRHCS (Table 16). Although it is not mandatory, Stream 2 countries are also encouraged to sign MOUs. This can provide a basis for en- couraging and working with governments, where feasible, for the prioritization of RHCS and for commitment of domestic resources towards the achievement of identified common objectives. In Benin, midwives receive training to insert long-acting contraceptive implants. Credit: Nadine Azifan/UNFPA Chapter three: Catalyzing national politiCal and FinanCial Commitment 41 RESULTS IN 2011 Figure 24: Resources mobilized for GPRHCS, 2008 to 2011 A m ou nt ( m ill io n U S$ ) 2008 2009 2011 Year 0 20,000,000 40,000,000 60,000,000 80,000,000 100,000,000 120,000,000 140,000,000 2010 Figure 25: Resources contributed by donors to GPRHCS, 2008 to 2011 0 20 40 60 80 100 Pe rc en ta ge Year 2008 2009 2010 Australia France Ireland Denmark Canada Luxembourg Finland Netherlands 2011 Spain Spain (Catalonia) United Kingdom 42 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security 3.7 RHCS mainstreamed in regional policies and strategies through UNFPA work with global, bilateral and regional organizations/partners This indicator assesses the results of actions taken dur- ing the year to have RHCS issues infused into the poli- cies, plans and activities of organizations and partners. It reflects the work done to build capacity and support RHCS strategy development and implementation of actions at sub-regional level. In 2011, technical assistance was provided to the East Africa Community (EAC) and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) to identify specific strategic areas for sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights and RHCS programming within their various mandates. A capacity assessment mis- sion supported both organizations (using the UNFPA PPM guidelines) in providing evidence regarding areas of strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities for UNFPA collaboration. LOUs were subsequently signed regarding partnership arrangements and areas for continued collaboration. GPRHCS continued to work with IGAD to address the RH commodity needs of vul- nerable populations in the Horn of Africa, which will be continued in 2012. 3.8 Number of countries that have included RHCS priorities in a) PRSP and b) Health sector policy and plan and SWAps UNFPA works with partners at the country level to ensure that critical health issues are part of the national planning and programming processes. Advocacy for the inclusion of RHCS issues into plans, programmes and budgets is a major strategy. UNFPA Country Offices work with various stakeholders for the inclusion of RHCS key issues into Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP), national health sector policies and plans, and Sector-Wide Approaches (SWAp) for the health sector. Remarkable progress has been made in this area, with all Stream 1 countries reporting inclusion of RHCS in their Table 23: RHCS issues included in PRSP, health policy & plan, and SWAp in Stream 1 countries, 2010 and 2011 * Nigeria was designated as a Stream 1 country in 2011, thus information for 2010 is in the Stream 2 table Country RHCS issues included in PRSP, health policy & plan, and SWAp National country coordinating mechanism exists If yes, RHCS issues included in institutional mechanism If yes, does mechanism have TOR 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Burkina Faso Y Y Y Y Y Y Ethiopia Y Y Y Y Y Y Haiti Y Y Y Y N N Laos Y Y Y Y Y Y Madagascar Y Y Y Y Y Y Mali Y Y Y Y Y Y Mongolia Y Y Y Y Y Y Mozambique N Y Y Y N Y Nicaragua Y Y Y Y Y Y Niger Y Y Y Y Y Y Nigeria - Y - Y - Y Sierra Leone Y Y Y Y N Y Total for ‘Yes’ 10 12 11 12 8 11 Chapter three: Catalyzing national politiCal and FinanCial Commitment 43 RESULTS IN 2011 Figure 26: RHCS issues included in PRSP, health policy & plan, and SWAp in Stream 1 countries, 2010 and 2011 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 2010 N um be r of c ou nt ri es Year and national plan/policy 2011 201020112010 2011 RHCS issues in PRSP RHCS issues in health policy and plan RHCS issues in SWAp (for health) Figure 27: RHCS issues included in PRSP, health policy & plan, and SWAp in Stream 2 countries, 2010 and 2011 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 2010 N um be r of c ou nt ri es Year and national plan/policy 2011 201020112010 2011 RHCS issues in PRSP RHCS issues in health policy and plan RHCS issues in SWAO (for health) 44 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Table 24: RHCS issues included in PRSP, health policy & plan, and SWAp in Stream 2 countries, 2010 and 2011 Country RHCS issues included in PRSP, health policy & plan, and SWAp RHCS issues in PRSP RHCS issues in health policy & plan RHCS issues in SWAp (for health) 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Benin N Y Y Y Y Y Bolivia N Y Y Y Y Y Botswana Y Y Y Y Y Y Burundi N Y Y Y N Y Central African Republic Y Y Y Y Y Y Chad Y Y Y Y - N Congo Y Y Y Y - Y Côte d’Ivoire N Y Y Y Y Y Democratic Republic of Congo Y Y Y Y Y Y Djibouti N Y N Y N N Ecuador Y Y Y Y Y Y Eritrea Y Y Y Y Y Y Gabon Y Y Y Y Y Y Gambia N Y Y Y Y Y Ghana Y Y Y Y Y Y Guinea N Y Y Y Y Y Guinea-Bissau N Y Y Y Y Y Lesotho N Y Y Y Y Y Liberia N Y Y Y N Y Malawi N Y Y Y Y Y Mauritania N Y Y Y N Y Namibia - Y - Y - Y Nigeria N - Y - Y - Papua New Guinea - Y - Y - Y Sao Tome and Principe Y Y Y Y Y Y Senegal Y Y Y Y Y Y South Sudan - Y - Y - N Sudan - Y - Y - N Swaziland Y Y Y Y - N Timor Leste - Y - Y - Y Togo - Y - Y - N Uganda Y Y Y Y Y Y Yemen - Y - Y - N Zambia Y Y Y Y Y Y Zimbabwe Y Y Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 15 34 27 34 21 27 * Nigeria was designated as a Stream 1 country in 2011, thus updates for 2011 are in the Stream 1 table Chapter three: Catalyzing national politiCal and FinanCial Commitment 45 RESULTS IN 2011 Country RHCS issues included in PRSP, health policy & plan, and SWAp RHCS issues in PRSP RHCS issues in health policy & plan RHCS issues in SWAp (for health) 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Benin N Y Y Y Y Y Bolivia N Y Y Y Y Y Botswana Y Y Y Y Y Y Burundi N Y Y Y N Y Central African Republic Y Y Y Y Y Y Chad Y Y Y Y - N Congo Y Y Y Y - Y Côte d’Ivoire N Y Y Y Y Y Democratic Republic of Congo Y Y Y Y Y Y Djibouti N Y N Y N N Ecuador Y Y Y Y Y Y Eritrea Y Y Y Y Y Y Gabon Y Y Y Y Y Y Gambia N Y Y Y Y Y Ghana Y Y Y Y Y Y Guinea N Y Y Y Y Y Guinea-Bissau N Y Y Y Y Y Lesotho N Y Y Y Y Y Liberia N Y Y Y N Y Malawi N Y Y Y Y Y Mauritania N Y Y Y N Y Namibia - Y - Y - Y Nigeria N - Y - Y - Papua New Guinea - Y - Y - Y Sao Tome and Principe Y Y Y Y Y Y Senegal Y Y Y Y Y Y South Sudan - Y - Y - N Sudan - Y - Y - N Swaziland Y Y Y Y - N Timor Leste - Y - Y - Y Togo - Y - Y - N Uganda Y Y Y Y Y Y Yemen - Y - Y - N Zambia Y Y Y Y Y Y Zimbabwe Y Y Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 15 34 27 34 21 27 poverty reduction strategies. As of 2011, RHCS issues are integrated in Mozambique’s PRSP. Regarding health poli- cies and plans, all the Stream 1 countries have RHCS issues in such documents including Nigeria, the new Stream 1 country. The number of Stream 1 countries with RHCS issues in Sector-Wide Approaches for the health sector increased from 8 in 2010 to 11 in 2011. Similar progress is also reported for Stream 2 countries. The number of Stream 2 countries with RHCS issues integrated in PRSPs increased from 15 in 2010 to 34 in 2011. Also, the number of Stream 2 countries with RHCS issues in their health sector plans increased from 27 in 2010 to 34 in 2011. The number of countries with RHCS issues inte- grated into Sector-Wide Approaches for the health sector increased from 21 in 2010 to 27 in 2011. Progress made in ensuring that RHCS issues are now inte- grated in national planning and programming documents in more GPRHCS Stream 1 and 2 countries indicates that countries are showing commitment and desire to prioritize RHCS issues and take actions to address the challenges. Table 25: Existence of line item for contraceptives in national budget for GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2011 Country Contraceptive in national budget line item Burkina Faso Y Ethiopia Y Haiti N Lao PDR Y Madagascar Y Mali Y Mongolia Y Mozambique Y Nicaragua Y Niger Y Nigeria* Y Sierra Leone Y Total for ‘Yes’ 11 Table 26: Existence of line item for contraceptives in national budget for GPRHCS Stream 2 countries, 2011 Country Contraceptive in national budget line item Benin Y Bolivia Y Botswana Y Burundi Y Central African Republic Y Chad N Congo Y Côte d’Ivoire N Democratic Republic of Congo N Djibouti N Ecuador Y Eritrea Y Gabon N Gambia Y Ghana N Guinea Y Guinea-Bissau N Lesotho Y Liberia Y Malawi N Mauritania N Namibia N Papua New Guinea Y Sao Tome and Principe Y Senegal Y South Sudan N Sudan N Swaziland Y Timor Leste N Togo Y Uganda Y Yemen N Zambia Y Zimbabwe Y Total for ‘Yes’ 20 46 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Table 27: Government budget allocation for contraceptives in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2008 to 2011 Country Amount allocated in US$ 2008 2009 2010 2011 Burkina Faso 978261 1,326,087 652174 1,000,000 Ethiopia 1,745,213 3,200,000 3,581,849 6,659,500 Haiti 0 0 0 0 Laos 18,500 0 0 18,750 Madagascar 109,524 119,168 121,126 68,501 Mali 0 0 0 218,917 Mongolia 0 47000 41188 55,000 Mozambique 510,000 333,079 392,913 379,962 Nicaragua 110,158 208,723 321,935 765,940 Niger 103,734 103,734 122,222 122,222 Nigeria 0 0 0 3,000,000 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 165,000 3.9 Number of countries maintaining allocation within SRH/RHCs budget line for contraceptives This indicator is used to assess the willingness of govern- ments to allocate resources for the procurement of contra- ceptives. The willingness of government to allocate their own resources, irrespective of assistance received from donors in this regard, is indeed a very powerful show of commitment to investing in family planning and in reproductive health commodity security. Eleven Stream 1 countries indicated that their government budget contains line item for the procurement of contra- ceptives, the exception being Haiti. The amount allocated increased compared to last year in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Mali, Mongolia and Nicaragua. Government allocation for contraceptive has remained higher in Ethiopia than all the other Stream 1 countries and in 2011 three countries made allocations of at least one million dollars (Ethiopia, $6.7 million; Nigeria, $3 million; and Burkina Faso, $1 mil- lion). The percentage of allocations spent has ranged from a low of 63 per cent in Madagascar for 2009 to a high of 100 per cent for all the countries that allocated resources to contraceptives in 2010. Among Stream 2 countries, the Government of Peru in- creased its budget allocation by approximately 100 million soles (US$ 35.7 millions) for maternal and family planning activities. Also, Panama is currently procuring commodi- ties amounting to US$ 1 million per year. In Ecuador, the government channeled US$7 million through UNFPA for the third party procurement of RH commodities between November 2010 and February 2011. The fact that govern- ments are allocating resources for procurement of contra- ceptives, even in this period of economic downturn, is a strong show of commitment. Chapter three: Catalyzing national politiCal and FinanCial Commitment 47 RESULTS IN 2011 Country Amount allocated in US$ 2008 2009 2010 2011 Burkina Faso 978261 1,326,087 652174 1,000,000 Ethiopia 1,745,213 3,200,000 3,581,849 6,659,500 Haiti 0 0 0 0 Laos 18,500 0 0 18,750 Madagascar 109,524 119,168 121,126 68,501 Mali 0 0 0 218,917 Mongolia 0 47000 41188 55,000 Mozambique 510,000 333,079 392,913 379,962 Nicaragua 110,158 208,723 321,935 765,940 Niger 103,734 103,734 122,222 122,222 Nigeria 0 0 0 3,000,000 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 165,000 Figure 28: Government budget allocation for contraceptives in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries, 2008 to 2011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Burkina Faso Mongolia Ethiopia Mozambique Haiti Nicaragua Lao PDR Niger Madagascar Nigeria Mali Sierra Leone 2009 20102008 2011 A m ou nt A llo ca te d (m ill io ns $ ) 48 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Strengthening Health Systems: Integration, Logistics and Mainstreaming CHAPTER FOUR This section looks at results that relate to the strengthening of health systems through various kinds of capacity building. The focus is on capacity and systems strengthened for RHCS, and RHCS mainstreamed into UNFPA core business. Strengthening the capacity of developing countries contrib- utes to achieving health and other outcomes. In the area of RHCS, strengthened country capacity allows for sustainable progress and helps to ensure that commodities procured can be distributed in an efficient and effective manner. It is for this reason that the GPRHCS focuses on actions at national and international levels related to supporting country efforts to train staff and strengthen systems and institutions. The achievement of this output is measured by examining efforts related to forecasting and procurement systems as well as the existence of functioning logistics management information systems within GPRHCS countries. 4.1 Number of countries using AccessRH for procurement of RHCs AccessRH is an innovative procurement mechanism sup- ported by key global partners working in the area of procure- ment. The indicator measures the extent to which AccessRH has been adopted by countries for the procurement of repro- ductive health commodities and the extent to which this has reduced the lead time by 20 per cent (time between ordering the commodity and its arrival in the country). Output 3: Capacity and systems strengthened for reproductive health commodity security A clerk works at a computer in Vientiane. Credit: Pascal Deloche/Godong/Panos Chapter Four: Strengthening health SyStemS: integration, logiStiCS and mainStreaming 49 RESULTS IN 2011 The objective of AccessRH is to improve access to quality, affordable reproductive health commodities and reduce delivery times for government and NGO clients and to provide enhanced information for planning and tracking. In 2010, the UNFPA Commodity Security Branch (CSB) agreed to allocate $10 million to the UNFPA Procurement Services Branch (PSB) to build an inventory of reproduc- tive health commodities (at manufacturers’ warehouses). The funds also were used for sampling and testing orders conducted for all batches manufactured, in accordance with UNFPA’s Quality Policy, and to provide insurance coverage for the goods while in the manufacturers’ warehouses. AccessRH was launched in late 2010 and implemented in 2011 by PSB under the auspices of the Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition. At this time, 53mm male standard condoms (with plain silver foil) were designated as the first commodity item to be held in stock, from which a number of orders could be filled. RESULTS IN 2011 A clerk works at a computer in Vientiane. Credit: Pascal Deloche/Godong/Panos 50 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Figure 29: Percentage distribution of cost of commodities (in US$) shipped by AccessRH by destination of shippment in 2011 GPRHCS Stream 2 countries 55% Other countries 29% GPRHCS Stream 1 Countries 16% Figure 30: Number of countries to which third party clients made shipments through AccessRH by region/sub-region in 2011 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Africa N um be r of c ou nt ri es Region/sub-region Arab States Latin America Eastern Europe and Central Asia Caribbean Island Countries Asia and Pacific Pacific Island Countries Others (NGO) Source: PSB datasheet In 2011, 74 shipments were dispatched to 55 countries from AccessRH stock. The shipments were in the names of both UNFPA Country Offices and third party clients. GPRHCS countries accounted for 71 per cent of the $4.04 million worth of shipments of male condoms made to various countries in 2011. Third party clients in 2011 included Ministries of Health, National AIDS Control Councils, international NGOs and United Nations agencies. As shown in Figure 30, the third party clients’ shipments were made to 45 countries in vari- ous parts of the world, with 29.5 per cent of the shipments going to Africa, 18 per cent to Asia, 18 per cent to Eastern Europe and Central Asia , and 13.6 per cent to Caribbean countries. The third party shipments included shipments made to 6 GPRHCS Stream 1 countries (Ethiopia, Haiti, Lao PDR, Mongolia, Mozambique and Niger) and 10 GPRHCS Stream 2 countries (Benin, Congo, Ecuador, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Papua New Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe, South Sudan and Zambia). Clients ordering from AccessRH inventory waited ap- proximately 10 fewer weeks for their orders compared to clients ordering condoms that needed to be produced at the time of order. This indicates that AccessRH helped to reduce lead-time for the procurement of condoms. In addition to activities related to inventory, AccessRH has stabilized ordering, financial recording and reconciliation processes based on experience gained in 2011. These pro- cesses and related documents are available on the web site: www.myAccessRH.org. Source: “Table 2: AccessRH Project dispatched quantities as at 31st Dec 2011” in PSB Update on CSB Funded Access RH Revolving Fund Quarterly Update 31st December 2011 Chapter Four: Strengthening health SyStemS: integration, logiStiCS and mainStreaming 51 RESULTS IN 2011 4.2 Number of pre-qualified suppliers of IUDs and condoms for use by UNFPA and partners The indicator measures the efforts of the UNFPA-WHO partnership for ensuring quality supplies of IUDs and condoms from a set of prequalified and re-qualified manufactures. The Prequalification Scheme for male condoms and IUDs has been in place since 2001 and WHO delegated UNFPA to manage the scheme in 2005. The scheme is well-established and is benefiting governments, NGOs and other United Nations agencies. With the aim of expanding the number of prequalified suppliers from all geographi- cal regions, the process involves document review, factory inspections and sampling and testing of products with periodic re-qualifications every three years. Each year at least 10 factories (new and re-qualifications) go through the process. Twenty-six male condom factories and eight IUD factories had successfully completed the process as of 31 December 2011, and were listed on the prequalified list. This was an increase from 23 male condom factories in 2010, while the number of IUD factories remained the same. The newly revised and published specifications and procure- ment guidelines for male condoms and Copper T 380A IUD (2010) were widely disseminated in 2011 to Ministries of Health, national regulatory authorities and national qual- ity control laboratories. A similar process for female con- doms has been under development following the WHO/ UNFPA Technical Review Meetings held in 2008 and 2011 in Geneva, Switzerland, and involving technical experts and advisors, researchers, scientists, regulatory authority officials, WHO/UN and other partner agencies. Participants at the meeting in April 2011 reviewed nine different female condom designs of different shapes, insertion and reten- tion features. They recommended that two designs proceed to the onsite inspection stage, with the aim to increase the number of prequalified female condom products. In the area of quality assurance of RH commodities, efforts continued to foster stronger partnerships and col- laboration, focusing on capacity building and knowledge sharing between UNFPA/WHO/FHI360 and national government institutions. In 2011, technical workshops were held with national quality control laboratories, nation- al regulatory authorities, and Ministry of Health officials responsible for regulation and quality control of RH com- modities. Two workshops were held in East and Southern Africa covering the countries surrounding Tanzania and Namibia. 4.3 Number of Stream 1 countries making ‘no ad hoc requests’ to UNFPA for commodities (non-humanitarian) This indicator assesses the extent to which countries effec- tively prepare procurement plans for their RH commodity needs at the beginning of the year such that no requests are made outside the plans (except for humanitarian situa- tions). The indicator is important because it focuses on building capacity so that countries are able to make good annual procurement plans and, most importantly, carry out actual procurement according to the plan. Eight Stream 1 countries in 2011 made no ad hoc re- quests for commodities, as in 2010. Burkina Faso, Mali, Mozambique and Nigeria made requests for RH commodi- ties in 2011, in part to accomodate the transfer of a stock of Jadelle from Rwanda that assisted in averting stock-out in Burkina Faso. Also in Burkina Faso, a request was made to avert stock-out of Depo-Provera due to a greater increase in demand than expected. In Mozambique an ad hoc re- quest was made because demand creation activities during Traditional leaders speak on family planning in Burkina Faso. Credit: UNFPA Burkina Faso. 52 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security celebrations of the national health programme boosted demand for contraceptives. Also, the Government could not procure commodities as was planned and therefore requested that UNFPA procure RH medicine, including contraceptives. The removal of user fees in April 2011 by the government of Nigeria led to an unprecedented increase in demand for contraceptives and in order to mitigate stock-outs, the UNFPA Country Office collaborated with partners to procure additional commodities. For Stream 2 countries, 18 countries made no ad hoc requests for commodities in 2011 compared to 17 in 2010. In Côte d’Ivoire, steps were taken to procure additional commodities because of the need to avert stock-out dur- ing the post-election crisis period as well as to support the implementation of the policy of free medical care instituted by the Government in 2011. In Lesotho, there was an ur- gent and unexpected request to partner with PSI on female condom promotion. In Djibouti, the closure of a maternity facility run by the French Army prompted the UNFPA Country Office to make ad hoc requests for equipment and RH medicines and contraceptives to ensure that the health centres were operational. Some maternal and RH kits were purchased in response to the emergency situation in the Horn of Africa. Table 28: Stream 1 countries making ‘no ad hoc requests’ to UNFPA for commodities (non-humanitarian) in 2011 Country Made ‘no ad hoc request’ Burkina Faso N Ethiopia Y Haiti Y Lao PDR Y Madagascar Y Mali N Mongolia Y Mozambique N Nicaragua Y Niger Y Nigeria N Sierra Leone Y Total for ‘Yes’ 8 Table 29: Stream 2 countries making ‘no ad hoc requests’ to UNFPA for commodities (non-humanitarian) in 2011 Country Made ‘no ad hoc request’ Benin N Bolivia Y Botswana Y Burundi Y Central African Republic N Chad N Congo Y Côte d’Ivoire N Democratic Republic of Congo N Djibouti N Ecuador Y Eritrea N Gabon Y Gambia N Ghana Y Guinea Y Guinea-Bissau Y Lesotho Y Liberia Y Malawi Y Mauritania Y Namibia Y Papua New Guinea N Sao Tome and Principe N Senegal N South Sudan N Sudan N Swaziland Y Timor Leste N Togo N Uganda Y Yemen N Zambia Y Zimbabwe Y Total for ‘Yes’ 18 Chapter Four: Strengthening health SyStemS: integration, logiStiCS and mainStreaming 53 RESULTS IN 2011 Figure 31: Stream 1 countries using national technical experts for forecasting and procurement of RH commodities 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 2010 N um be r of c ou nt ri es Existence of expertise 2011 201120102009 National technical expertise in forecasting National technical expertise in forecasting for procurement 4.4 Number of Stream 1 countries forecasting for RH commodities using national technical expertise Training of national experts to carry out forecasting for RHCS is an important strategy of building country capacity for reproductive health commodity security. The indicator assesses the existence of national staff, in govern- ment institutions, that are responsible for forecasting RH commodity needs for their countries. The number of Stream 1 countries with national technical expertise in the Ministry of Health or in other government agencies for forecasting for reproductive health commodi- ties increased from 8 in 2010 to 10 in 2011, when im- provements were made in Mozambique and Niger. Also, Nigeria reported that staff in the Ministry of Health have very limited capacity in forecasting and, while they are in- volved in data collection for forecasting, the actual process has been carried out largely by the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT in the past three years. For Lao PDR, the process is assisted by UNFPA and UNICEF. 4.5 Number of Stream 1 countries managing procurement process with national technical expertise The engagement of nationals in the management of pro- curement processes is a key step to ensuring country owner- ship, institutionalization of skills and capacities for RHCS, and sustainability in the future. This indicator tracks the existence of nationals responsible for procurement of RH commodities in a government agency in GPRHCS Stream 1 countries. It gauges the extent to which capacities of nationals have been built for managing the procurement of RH commodities. The number of Stream 1 countries with national technical expertise increased from 9 in 2010 to 10 in 2011, as shown in Table 24. Although Lao PDR reported the existence of such an expertise for 2010, in 2011 the function was per- formed by an International Procurement Expert provided through a grant from The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. 54 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Country Stream 1 countries using national technical experts for forecasting and procurement of RH commodities Expertise forecasting in MOH Expertise for procurement of RH commodities 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011 Burkina Faso Y Y Y Y Y Ethiopia Y Y Y Y Y Haiti Y Y N N Y Lao PDR N N N Y N Madagascar Y Y Y Y Y Mali Y Y N Y Y Mongolia Y Y N Y Y Mozambique N Y N N Y Nicaragua Y Y Y Y Y Niger N Y Y Y Y Nigeria - N - - N Sierra Leone Y Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 8 10 6 9 10 Table 30: Stream 1 countries using national technical experts for forecasting and procurement of RH commodities 4.6 Number of Stream 1 countries with functioning LMIS Through the GPRHCS, capacity building support is provided to countries for the strengthening of logistics management information systems (LMIS) to improve on the process of managing the procurement and distribution of RH commodities. The indicator measures aspects of the system to ascertain its effectiveness in providing relevant information about the ability of the system to provide data on current and up-to-date stock levels; data on distribution of essential life-saving medicines; data on distribution of modern contraceptives; number of users for each modern contraceptive method; and, product particulars including expiry date. All of the 12 Stream 1 countries have a functional LMIS in place in 2011 compared to only seven countries in 2010. However, the level of functionality varied from country to country. Data on modern contraceptives, lifesaving medicines, monthly consumption data, stock status at all levels and information on expiry dates of all products were available in most of the systems. Most systems lacked the ability to provide information on the number of users of all products; only 5 out of the 12 countries indicated that they had an LMIS that could provide such information. 4.7 Number of Stream 1 countries with co-ordinated approach towards integrated health supplies management system The indicator assesses the existence of a unified procure- ment and distribution system for health supplies that includes RH commodities, including modern methods of contraception and priority medicines. In many countries, contraceptive commodity logistic systems were largely Chapter Four: Strengthening health SyStemS: integration, logiStiCS and mainStreaming 55 RESULTS IN 2011 Table 31: Number of Stream 1 countries with co-ordinated approach towards an integrated health supplies management system Country Stream 1 countries with co-ordinated approach towards an integrated health supplies management system Integrated supply management system exists System includes an integrated procurement mechanism for contraceptives and RH medicines System includes an integrated supply/distribution mechanism for contraceptives and RH medicines 2011 2011 2011 Burkina Faso Y Y Y Ethiopia Y Y Y Haiti N NA NA Lao PDR N NA NA Madagascar Y N Y Mali Y N Y Mongolia Y Y Y Mozambique Y N Y Nicaragua Y Y Y Niger Y Y Y Nigeria N NA NA Sierra Leone Y N Y Total for ‘Yes’ 9 5 9 parallel systems in response to donor demands and to the need for timely data for addressing logistic needs. To ensure efficiency and sustainability, there is a need for unified procurement and distribution systems that would cater for all commodities within the health system. The indicator assesses the existence of such a unified mecha- nism for managing all health supply systems that takes into account the procurement and distribution of RH commodities. Nine out of the 12 Stream 1 countries had coordinated and integrated health supplies management systems in 2011; of these, the systems in five countries contain both a) an integrated procurement mechanism for contraceptives and RH medicines and b) an integrated supply/distribution mechanism for contraceptives and RH medicines. The five countries were Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Mongolia, Nicaragua and Niger. Overall, supply and distribution is more inte- grated than procurement. In Lao PDR in 2011, a national scoping exercise on the feasibility of an integrated/unified LMIS was carried by the UNFPA Asia-Pacific Regional Office in collaboration with the University of Canberra, Australia, and other inter- national experts. The recommendations of the feasibility study were accepted by the Government and a pilot project was initiated. This will be expanded to cover a number of provinces and the results will enable the government to scale up the integration of various logistics management systems into one efficient system for the entire country. 4.8 Number of Stream 1 countries adopting/adapting a health supply chain management information tool Adopting or adapting a health supply chain management information tool can be critical to ensuring efficiency in the distribution of health supplies. In Stream 1 countries, GPRHCS has consistently supported efforts to improve 56 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Country Country adopted supply management tools 2010 2011 Burkina Faso Y Y Ethiopia Y Y Haiti Y Y Lao PDR Y Y Madagascar Y Y Mali Y Y Mongolia Y Y Mozambique Y Y Nicaragua Y Y Niger Y Y Nigeria - Y Sierra Leone Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 11 12 Table 32: Number of Stream 1 countries adopting/adapting a health supply chain management information tool supply management systems, especially through the adop- tion of computer-based logistics management information systems. Various types of computer software are currently in use, including CHANNEL and PIPELINE. This indicator assesses the existence of a computerized health supply chain management information system in the country through the use of any relevant software. All GPRHCS Stream 1 countries have in place computer- ized tools for supply chain management, in 2010 as well as in 2011 (Table 27). CHANNEL software continues to be the most popular tool for adaptation and is currently in use in countries including Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Haiti, Mongolia and Sierra Leone. The web-based version of this software is now being used by some countries. Pipeline is being used as a supply chain management tool in Mozambique and Nigeria. In Sierra Leone, CHANNEL was adapted for the manage- ment and reporting on all contraceptives and maternal health medicines in support of the free medical care services declared by the Government. The Minister of Health now monitors the distribution of reproductive health commod- ity security in a timely manner, directly from her office computer. Web-based CHANNEL software has been adapted in Mongolia and translated into the Mongolian language for use at the central and provincial levels nationwide. What steps have been taken by UNFPA (Headquarters, Country and Regional Offices) to integrate RHCS is- sues into important United Nations planning documents and processes at the country level? The integration of key RHCS issues into UN planning processes enables country offices to mobilize resources, support programme plan- ning, build capacity and provide technical assistance - all in support of assisting governments to achieve outcomes for reproductive health commodity security. Output 4: RHCS mainstreamed into UNFPA core business (UN reform environment) Chapter Four: Strengthening health SyStemS: integration, logiStiCS and mainStreaming 57 RESULTS IN 2011 The output and its related indicators track UNFPA’s efforts to make RHCS a priority issue within the United Nations planning documents and also in partnership processes at the country level. By making RHCS a strategic issue, UNFPA Country Offices are well placed to advocate and mobilize resources, make a case for RHCS during programme plan- ning processes, provide technical and other capacity building support to governments and other partners, and build a mass of partnership in support of RHCS activities. 4.9 Expenditure of UNFPA/CSB core resources for RHCS increased The Commodity Security Branch is the branch within UNFPA that manages its reproductive health commodity security functions. This indicator is provides information on the amount of support that UNFPA provides from its core resources for the implementation of RHCS functions and activities. At the same time, actions are being taken to mobilize resources from donors in support of RHCS interventions. The amount allocated from UNFPA core resources to the Commodity Security Branch principally for the manage- ment and implementation of the GPRHCS and other interventions is shown in Figure 32. The amount increased from $1.33 million in 2008 to $2.12 million in 2009; it remained roughly the same by 2010 before decreasing to $1.45 million in 2011. This decrease is due to austerity and other measures that are being instituted by the agency as it continues to face reductions in donor contributions to the core funds. This could also be attributable to the continu- ing impact of the global financial downturn. 4.10 GPRHCS planning takes into account lessons learned in RHCS mainstreaming Building on previous years’ achievement requires taking into account what worked, what did not work and the rea- sons behind those outcomes when planning for the current year. Countries implementing the GPRHCS are expected to report on lessons learned that were taken into consider- ation to improve on the various aspects of the programme. Table 33 shows that with the exception of Haiti, all Stream 1 countries took into account lessons learned in 2010 for the implementation of programmes in 2011. For Stream 1, the issues taken into account varied from country to countryIn Madagascar, for example, Figure 32: Amount allocated to CSB (million US$) A m ou nt ( m ill io n U S$ ) 2008 2009 2011 Year 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2010 58 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Table 33: GPRHCS planning in 2011 for Stream 1 countries takes into account lessons learned Country GPRHCS planning in 2011 takes into account lessons learned in RHCS mainstreaming Burkina Faso Y Ethiopia Y Haiti N Lao PDR Y Madagascar Y Mali Y Mongolia Y Mozambique Y Nicaragua Y Niger Y Nigeria Y Sierra Leone Y Total for ‘Yes’ 11 Table 34: GPRHCS planning in 2011 for Stream 2 countries takes into account lessons learned Country GPRHCS planning in 2011 takes into account lessons learned in RHCS mainstreaming Benin Y Bolivia Y Botswana Y Burundi Y Central African Republic Y Chad Y Congo Y Côte d'Ivoire Y Democratic Republic of Congo Y Djibouti N Ecuador Y Eritrea N Gabon N Gambia Y Ghana Y Guinea Y Guinea-Bissau Y Lesotho Y Liberia Y Malawi Y Mauritania Y Namibia N Papua New Guinea Y Sao Tome and Principe Y Senegal Y South Sudan Y Sudan N Swaziland Y Timor Leste N Togo Y Uganda Y Yemen N Zambia Y Zimbabwe Y Total for ‘Yes’ 27 transportation problems that affected the distribution of commodities in 2010 were addressed through the creation of common distribution networks that included contracep- tives. This ensured that contraceptives were readily avail- able in SDPs, as reported in Tables 7 and 9 which show that availability of contraceptives and life-saving maternal health medicines improved in 2011 compared to 2010. In Burkina Faso, steps were taken to involve key actors, in- cluding community leaders, in promoting family planning. In Ethiopia, initiatives were scaled up to increase the uptake of long-acting family planning methods in order to increase the new acceptor rates. In Mali, Nicaragua, Sierra Leone and Mozambique, necessary steps were taken to strengthen LMIS including forecasting and distribution of RH com- modities, helping to sustain product and service availability to clients. In Nicaragua, the inclusion of RHCS issues in the SWAp made it possible to procure contraceptives through national processes and hence ensure sustainability in product and service availability. In Nigeria, successful resource mobilization advocacy efforts at the federal level resulted in the availability of federal funding for RHCS, and steps are being taken to replicate similar outcomes at the state level. Chapter Four: Strengthening health SyStemS: integration, logiStiCS and mainStreaming 59 RESULTS IN 2011 Results for Stream 2 show that 27 out of 34 countries took into account lessons learned in 2010 for GPRHCS planning in 2011 (see Table 29). In Bolivia, the insti- tution of mechanisms ensured that stock levels were monitored and appropriate action taken to ensure avail- ability. In Botswana, lessons from 2010 implementation allowed for the integration of RH commodities into the management mechanisms for essential health supplies and medicines to avoid parallel efforts. Currently, discussions are being held with the Ministry of Health regarding the adoption of CHANNEL and its linkage and use with other systems, including for ARVs. In the Central African Republic, where the weak logistics system posed prob- lems, UNFPA generated action to bring together partners including NGOs to improve the distribution network and communications between warehouses and health facilities in project areas. In 2010, it became apparent to the UNFPA Country Office in Lesotho that NGOs can easily adapt to the local environment and have a comparative advantage in reach- ing communities with condom messages. This prompted the scaling up of efforts in 2011 to work closely with NGOs to intensify action to reach more people in various communities. In Liberia and Malawi, programming for young people was scaled up to ensure improved access to services and information. In Ecuador, GPRHCS funds were leveraged to generate closer policy dialogue and advocacy with government, which provided the much- needed sustained interest and action required for national capacity building. One of the key lessons learned in South Sudan was that building the capacity of government partners enhanced their commitment and passion to work towards scaling up RHCS programming. In Swaziland, due to the low implementation of programme activities and low absorption of resources, a multi-partnership to improve RHCS programming was established with the involvement of the Ministry of Health, UNFPA, FLAS and Management Sciences for Health (MSH) with clearly defined roles for each partner. In Togo, scaling up demand generation activities led to an increase in demand for modern family planning, especially long-term contracep- tive methods. This prompted the procurement of these products to ensure that clients were served and to avoid no stock-outs. Similarly, the acute shortage of contraceptives experienced in Uganda prompted the special earmarking of funds for contraceptives procurement in the Joint Program on Population. Most importantly, advocacy activities led to an increase in government allocation RH commodities from $750,000 to $4,000,000 in 2011. Incorporating lessons learned into succeeding program- ing years enables each country to build on successes or to address the challenges they face in addressing RHCS issues. It helps build linkages in annual work plans for continuity and contributes to the replication of good practices. Women leaders known as ‘Bajenu Gox’ receive training in reproductive health issues to support younger women in Senegal. Credit: UNFPA Senegal. 60 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Country Stream 1 countries with RHCS priorities included in various programming documents RHCS included in CCA RHCS included in UNDAF RHCS included in CPD RHCS included in CPAP RHCS included in AWP 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Burkina Faso Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Ethiopia N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Haiti N N Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Lao PDR N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Madagascar N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Mali Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Mongolia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Mozambique N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Nicaragua N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Niger N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Nigeria - Y - Y - Y - Y - Y Sierra Leone N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 3 9 10 12 11 12 11 12 11 12 Table 35: Stream 1 countries with RHCS priorities included in: a) CCA, b) UNDAF, c) CPD, d) CPAP and e) AWP * Nigeria was designated as a Stream 1 country in 2011, thus information for 2010 is in the Stream 2 table 4.11 Number of countries with RHCS priorities included in CCA, UNDAF, CPD, CPAP and AWP UNFPA Country Offices are expected to work within partnership frameworks at the country level, includ- ing with UN Country Teams, to ensure that issues that are important to UNFPA’s mandate are incorporated into strategies for supporting governments in addressing national development challenges. This indicator assesses the performance of UNFPA Country Offices in ensuring that RHCS priorities are integrated into UN programming processes. Table 35 shows that more countries have suc- ceed in including RHCS priorities into UN programming processes. In 2011, all countries reported that RHCS issues were included in these key documents: Annual Work Plans (AWP), Common Country Assessment (CCA), Country Programme Action Plan (CPAP), Country Programme Documents (CPD), United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF). As shown in Table 36, similar progress is being made among Stream 2 countries where the number of countries with RHCS issues integrated into CCAs and UNDAFs increased by 12 and 6 countries respectively. As in the case of Stream 1, all the 34 Stream 2 countries reported that RHCS issues are included in their CPD/CPAP and AWP documents. 4.12 Number of UNFPA Country Offices with increasing funds allocated to RHCS While GPRHCS mobilizes funds for RHCS interventions especially at country level, each country office is expected to allocate, and even mobilize additional resources for the programme. The indicator assesses the extent to which countries have been supporting the implementation of RHCS activities with additional resources either from core funds or mobilized from other sources. Photo Chapter Four: Strengthening health SyStemS: integration, logiStiCS and mainStreaming 61 RESULTS IN 2011 Country Stream 1 countries with RHCS priorities included in various programming documents RHCS included in CCA RHCS included in UNDAF RHCS included in CPD RHCS included in CPAP RHCS included in AWP 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Burkina Faso Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Ethiopia N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Haiti N N Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Lao PDR N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Madagascar N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Mali Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Mongolia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Mozambique N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Nicaragua N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Niger N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Nigeria - Y - Y - Y - Y - Y Sierra Leone N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 3 9 10 12 11 12 11 12 11 12 Country Stream 2 countries with RHCS priorities included in various programming documents RHCS included in CCA RHCS included in UNDAF RHCS included in CPD RHCS included in CPAP RHCS included in AWP 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Benin Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Bolivia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Botswana Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Burundi N N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Central African Republic Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Chad Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Congo N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Côte d’Ivoire Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Democratic Republic of Congo Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Djibouti Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Ecuador Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Eritrea Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Gabon Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Gambia Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Ghana Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Guinea N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Guinea-Bissau N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Lesotho Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Liberia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Malawi Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Mauritania N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Namibia N Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Nigeria Y - Y - Y - Y - Y - Papua New Guinea - Y - Y - Y - Y - Y Sao Tome and Principe N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Senegal Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y South Sudan - Y - Y - Y - Y - Y Sudan - Y - Y - Y - Y - Y Swaziland Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Timor Leste - Y - Y - Y - Y - Y Togo - Y - Y - Y - Y - Y Uganda Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Yemen - Y - Y - Y - Y - Y Zambia N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Zimbabwe Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Total for ‘Yes’ 21 33 26 33 25 34 29 34 29 34 Table 36: Stream 2 countries with RHCS priorities included in: a) CCA, b) UNDAF, c) CPD, d) CPAP and e) AWP * Nigeria was designated as a Stream 1 country in 2011, thus information for 2010 is in the Stream 2 table 62 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Among Stream 1 countries, resources allocated to RHCS activities from UNFPA Country Office funds decreased in Mali and Niger in 2011 but remained the same in Burkina Faso and Haiti, compared to 2010. Increases in country of- fice funds allocated to RHCS were reported in 10 countries in 2010 and 8 countries in 2011. Among Stream 2 countries, such allocations increased in 19 countries in 2010 and in 22 countries in 2011. such allocations decreased from 2010 to 2011 in seven countries (Congo, Djibouti, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Sudan, Uganda and Zimbabwe). Allocations remained the same in five countries (Bolivia, Guinea, Liberia, Malawi and Senegal) when compared to last year. 4.13 Number of countries with all the relevant joint UN programmes for SRH and MNH that include RHCS In most countries the UN Country Teams often identify a common area of joint support and intervention through the formulation of a UN Joint Programme. UNFPA Country Offices are expected to ensure that RHCS issues are included in such programmes where they exist for the health sector generally and in particular for sexual and reproductive health and maternal and newborn health. The inclusion of RHCS issues into a joint programme facilitates the provision of joint support for maternal health medicines, including contraceptives, and helps to build capacities and strengthen systems — all of which is comple- mentary to strategies for improved SRH and maternal health. This indicator assesses the extent to which UNFPA Country Offices, with joint UN Programmes, have been able to have RHCS issues included in relevant thematic programmes. In 2011, 10 Stream 1 countries reported the existence of Joint UN Programmes for sexual and reproductive health and maternal and newborn health that include RHCS. Twenty Stream 2 countries reported the existence of UN Joint Programmes for SRH and MNH and for 18 of those countries (with the exception of Ghana and Mauritania) RHCS issues were included in the joint programmes. 4.14 Number of national/regional institutions providing quality technical assistance on RHCS in the areas of training and workshops The Global Programme to Enhance Reproductive Health Commodity Security supports regional institutions to provide capacity development services to countries. This is carried out in each of the UNFPA geographic regions in close collaboration with the regional offices. Such activi- ties support the UNFPA regionalization process, i.e. where regional and national institutions and consultants are to be enabled to support Country Offices in diverse fields; with regional offices and sub-regional offices providing the needed oversight. In the case of RHCS, special efforts are made to build capacities of institutions and consultants for the provision of quality technical assistance. In Southern and Eastern Africa, three RHCS consul- tants were supported to participate in the Supply Chain Management and Quantification of Health Commodities Course organized by the Eastern and Southern African Management Institute (ESAMI) in Arusha, Tanzania. This resulted in one of the consultants providing technical as- sistance to Zimbabwe in the development of the national RHCS strategy. The UNFPA SRO in Johannesburg will utilize the services of these consultants to provide technical assistance to countries in 2012. In Gabon, condoms are distributed at kiosks in a public-private marketing partnership. Credit: UNFPA Gabon Chapter Four: Strengthening health SyStemS: integration, logiStiCS and mainStreaming 63 RESULTS IN 2011 RHCS was promoted through several partnerships in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) in 2011, notably with FLASOG, CLAE, Reprolatina, PRISMA and CIES. The Latin-American Federation of OB&GYN Associations (Federación Latinoamericana de Sociedades de Obstetricia y Ginecología, FLASOG) has in the past partnered with the UNFPA Regional Office in Latin America to support interventions in the area of sexual and reproductive health. In 2011, FLASOG provided support in ensuring a better understanding of sexual and reproductive rights among its membership in Argentina, Brazil, Peru and Venezuela. As a result, a Risk and Harm Reduction Services plan was developed for the main maternity service in Caracas. In col- laboration with other partners, FLASOG also contributed to the development of a discussion paper for the reduction of unsafe abortion with respect to the use of misoprostol. FLASOG also worked through its specialized team to ad- dress concerns relating to Emergency Contraception (EC). Working in alliance with CLAE has generated a valuable exchange between the medical community and the legal community on the incorporation of EC into essential med- icine lists in Latin American countries. Specific actions were taken in Chile, Guatemala and Honduras to ensure that authorities give EC the importance it deserves. FLASOG also contributed to the strengthening of the interdisciplin- ary dialogue on sexual violence issues and women’s access to justice and RH services, including access of victims to comprehensive care. In the area of adolescent reproductive health, UNFPA supported efforts by FLASOG to analyze secondary information that provides highlights the extent of teenage pregnancy among girls under the age of 15 years in Latin America and the Caribbean. The results show that in countries such as Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Panama and Peru, teenage pregnancy is on the increase in this age group. These research findings will be useful for the conduct of advocacy and design of programmes for targeted interventions. The UNFPA LAC Regional Office has partnered with Reprolatina to promote, monitor and evaluate the use of the WHO Decision-Making Tool for Family Planning Clients and Providers (DMT). Assessments conducted in 2011 provided information on the usefulness of the tool in various country contexts. This included Uruguay, with no experience in the use of the tool; Peru, where the tool was available but not used in the public sector; and Honduras, where the use of the DMT was limited to very few clinics in the public sector. Training and technical assistance were provided to ensure maximum benefit is derived in the adoption of the tool, e.g. technical assistance provided by Reprolatina to Boliva, El Salvador and Honduras resulted in the training of 23 providers of adolescent services on the use of the DMT. The UNFPA Regional Office in Latin America also col- laborated with PRISMA and the Center for Research and Health Studies at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua (UNAN CIES) to provide technical assistance to ministries of health, social security institutions and NGOs in Latin America. This partnership resulted in support pro- vided to Ecuador for RH Service Cost Analysis carried out under the coordination of the Ministry of Public Health. The study provided evidence-based updated information about maternal, perinatal and reproductive health man- agement in Ecuador. In Nicaragua, PRISMA and CIES contributed to assessing the Ministry of Health’s preventive interventions and their contribution to reducing cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in six provinces. Of special significance was the design and piloting of a web portal for two distance learning courses, which was made possible through collaboration between the UNFPA Regional Office in Latin America and PRISMA–CIES. Through the portal two on-line courses (RHCS and EmOC) have been piloted and publications, research papers and related materials have been posted for access by users. In the Asia and the Pacific region, a regional training workshop on Warehousing Guidelines and Standards was organized by the UNFPA Asia Pacific Regional Office (APRO) in collaboration with the International Council on Management of Population Programs (ICOMP). Among the 40 participants from 17 countries were national officials from the Ministry of Health, directors of the central ware- house and staff from UNFPA Country Offices. In addition, the APRO adviser conducted a training of trainers work- shop on RHCS Programme Management for central- and regional-level managers in Timor Leste. Thirty government officials participated in the one-week training and prepared their individual action plans for implementation upon return to their countries. In Mongolia, UNFPA APRO collaborated with the School of Pharmacy at the University of Medical Sciences in Ulaanbaatar to conduct a training of trainers (TOT) work- shop. The objective was to build the capacity of trainers 64 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security who will take on the task of introducing new topics related to RHCS and family planning and, as part of the exer- cise, to upgrade the training curriculum for pharmacists. This was also part of the ongoing support provided by APRO to the School of Pharmacy for the strengthen- ing of the technical capacity in the university through the periodic review, revision and update of the training curriculum. Seven staff members from the faculty and national staff from UNFPA Country Office participated in the training. Selected staff members from the faculty also participated in the Regional Training Workshop on Warehousing that was organized by APRO in collabora- tion with ICOMP (Malaysia). A training course on RHCS for the Pacific Island Countries was organized by the UNFPA SRO in Suva, Fiji, in collaboration with the University of Canberra. The training, a sequel to the one organized in 2010, was for managers of RH commodity supply systems. It took place in Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia (Yap and Chuuk States), Papua New Guinea (East Sepik and New Ireland Provinces), and the Solomon Islands (Western Province) and was attended by participants from these four countries. Many of the participants found the train- ing to be practical and applicable to diverse areas of sexual and reproductive health. This new training approach for a highly technical subject like RHCS received favorable reviews. As a result of the training and ongoing support, 10 Pacific Island Countries have mainstreamed contracep- tives into an integrated supply management systems with a sharpened focus on life saving RH medicines and RH commodities. The School of Public Health at Addis Ababa University has in the past collaborated with UNFPA Country Office in Ethiopia to organize orientation courses on RHCS for the students undertaking diploma courses in Public Health. In 2011, this resulted in the development of cur- riculum in RHCS to be used as one of the components of the diploma courses; it could also be adapted for a short- term course for orientation in RHCS. The RHCS curricu- lum covered various areas including concepts and defini- tions, policies and strategies within national contexts, technical and commodity assessment tools aspects of logis- tics management and advocacy for RHCS. In December 2011, a training of trainers (TOT) course gathered 24 participants, including 14 from the Public Health School. Other participants were from the University’s School of Pharmacy, the Federal Ministry of Health, (FMOH), DKT (a social marketing organization in Ethiopia), JSI/Ethiopia and the UNFPA Country Office. This class of trainees will be expected to serve as trainers for the expansion of human resource in RHCS at national and even regional levels. In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the UNFPA Regional Office collaborated with IPPF EN in the conduct of a study, the‘In-Depth Analysis of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Contraceptive Security In seven Middle-Income Countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia’. The study covered seven countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan , Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Kazakhstan and Serbia. The objective of the study was to gather and analyze data on factors influencing access to and utilization of modern family planning methods with par- ticular attention to vulnerable populations in the selected middle-income countries (MICs). The findings of the study supplement a review by UNFPA of RHCS in the region and will contribute to the establishment of client-centred family planning and RHCS strategies. In addition to specific country findings, the cross-country priority issues highlighted in the report include: • perception of modern contraception as unsafe; • inadequate knowledge, attitudes and availability of ser- vice providers; • imited range of contraceptive methods restricting client choice; • cost as a factor in non-use of modern contraception; • social norms and expectations regarding sex and sexuality; • difficulties for young people in accessing appropriate contraceptive services; and • lack of government commitment to contraceptive security. These issues form a strong basis for dialogue and engage- ment with policy makers in the sub-region. 4.15 Cluster achievements GPRHCS support goes beyond Stream 1 and 2 countries and includes various UNFPA geographic sub-regions. The support is often meant to be catalytic and targeted at ad- dressing specific country needs. In these ‘cluster countries’, UNFPA Sub Regional Offices work with the Country Offices in ensuring that technical and programmatic support are provided to strengthen country programmes Chapter Four: Strengthening health SyStemS: integration, logiStiCS and mainStreaming 65 RESULTS IN 2011 and ensure sustainability of RHCS interventions. The cluster countries include Pacific Island Countries, Eastern European and Central Asian countries, countries of the Caribbean and countries in the Arab States. Pacific Island countries While contraceptive prevalence in most countries has increased over the past 20 years, rates have stagnated around 35 to 40 per cent in many countries. Rates in Solomon Islands and Kiribati remain below 30 per cent. Through the GPRHCs, UNFPA works with Pacific Island Countries (PICs) to strengthen sexual and reproduc- tive health and family planning services. Most PICs have developed National Medicines Policies that establish the framework and infrastructure for the supply of commodi- ties. Within this framework is the National Medicines and Therapeutics Committee (NDTC), which serves as a coordinating mechanism. Presently six PICs (Fiji, Cook Islands, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu) have NDTCs that have RHCS issues included in their terms of reference. Working closely with national counterparts, GPRHCS has supported, through its focal points, the creation of the enabling environment for RH policies and RHCS. Currently, RHCS issues are included in the RH policies of four PICs the HIV policies of three PICs. A mapping exercise undertaken in 2011 revealed that all PICs now have lifesaving maternal medicines included in their Essential Medicines List. The pre-positioning of 18 months of RH supplies at the Fiji PSRO warehouse contributed to meeting the requests made by the countries in this region for commodities. No country made ad hoc requests for RH commodities in 2011. Only two PICs (Fiji and Palau) have direct budget support for contraceptives. This calls for advocacy for the other countries to invest in RHCS to ensure that a broader range of issues are addressed and interventions are sustain- able. The training programme supported in partnership with the University of Canberra continued in 2011 with the training of RH/RHCS focal points in the PICs. Eastern Europe and Central Asian countries The reproductive health care system in Turkmenistan has achieved significant results in dramatically decreas- ing maternal mortality, with support from UNFPA over the past decade. Turkmenistan is close to achieving MDG 5(A). Access of women to RH services, including in rural areas, has increased significantly. Turkmenistan carried out activities to identify best practices for establishing monitor- ing systems and for quality assurance as efficient manage- ment tools for RH. This resulted in the establishment of a national monitoring group on quality assurance in RH sys- tems within the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry. The group selected family planning as a pilot area for their work. An assessment tool was designed for examination of various dimensions of the health system including technical performance, effectiveness of care, service delivery (safety, access and continuity), and physical infrastructure. The tool is now being used to routinely assess the quality of services. In Uzbekistan, GPRHCs provided support in 2011 for the development and adoption of CHANNEL computer software, including support for training and the provision of basic equipment. Initially piloted in Fergana province, it has helped improve on the logistics management informa- tion system. It has enabled accurate forecasting of needs based on rigorous analysis of information. It also provides information for the routine monitoring of stock levels, and This woman wears a “No Condom, No Sex” T-shirt with a UNFPA logo as she returns from her flooded fields in the Pacific Islands. Credit: Ariela Zibiah/UNFPA 66 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security hence stock transfers to avert stock-out at SDPs. The avail- ability of a logistics guideline and capacity development on improved storage practices has contributed to ensuring the efficiency of the system. In June-July 2011, survey of a sample of 32 primary health care facilities in eight prov- inces showed that contraceptive stock levels improved at the primary health care level. Almost all SDPs use newly introduced LMIS requesting/reporting forms and have adequate contraceptive stock levels. According to MoH statistics nearly 100 per cent of SDP offered all methods modern contraceptives in 2011. In Kazakhstan, the GPRHCS supported an assessment of the quality of arrangements of family planning care from the viewpoint of reproductive health service providers. The 2011 assessment provided recommendations on issues such as inclusion of contraceptives on the essential medicines list, free distribution of contraceptives or reduction in charges for vulnerable populations, instituting budget lines for the procurement of contraceptives, and ensuring appro- priate involvement of the public sector in the provision of family planning services. Another study supported focused on women’s access to sexual and reproductive healthcare in general and family planning in particular, which drew the attention of the Ministry of Healthcare to unaccept- ably high unmet needs to family planning (11.6 per cent as of MICS 2010), adolescents birth rate (about 30 per 1000 girls aged 15-19) and high prevalence of STIs. These studies will form the basis for engaging government and other partners to address the challenges to RH and family planning in Kazakhstan In Tajikistan, GPRHCS supported Government action to rehabilitate warehouses and strengthen transportation systems. This facilitated the distribution of RH commodi- ties and helped to aver stock-outs at service delivery points. Also, UNFPA initiated advocacy activities with policy mak- ers on the need to for strengthening RH programmes in the country through a stronger show of commitment and budgetary support. In Kyrgyzstan, support continued for the expansion of CHANNEL at the health facility level. In 2011, health professionals received training in the Osh and Djalalabad regions of the country. However, there is high staff turnover and a lack of computers in rural areas of the country. In 2011, the UNFPA Country Office published a manual, Modern methods of family planning, for faculties to use in training health professionals. The training course in the manual was integrated into the curricula of the Kyrgyz State Medical Institute for Postgraduate Education and Continued Training. Moldova was supported with a consignment of contra- ceptive commodities that were distributed based on the common agreed Plan of Distribution with the MoH to Reproductive Health Cabinets. The stock of contracep- tives was distributed to Transnistria, a break-away region of Moldova. Unmet need for family planning is especially high in the Transnistria region, where abortions are much more common than in other parts of Moldova. Also in Transnistria the pattern of HIV/AIDS infection is shifting from intravenous drug use to sexual transmission, which has increased substantially during last two years. Adolescent pregnancy accounts for 14 per cent of total pregnan- cies with almost 10 per cent of abortions annually being performed on adolescents. UNFPA’s programme activities in Transnistria support RH/FP services, including procure- ment and distribution of free of charge contraceptives in the region. Caribbean countries During 2011 UNFPA worked in the Caribbean cluster countries with a broad range of partners including the Red Cross, faith-based organizations, ministries of health, ministries of finance, ministries for youth and sports, IPPF affiliates, NGOs providing services to the MoH, national HIV and AIDS programmes, groups of young leaders and other UN agencies. The UNFPA Sub-Regional Office for the Caribbean and the Country Offices used different approaches to improve the knowledge of staff in regional implementing partners on issues such as logistics manage- ment, forecasting and procurement of RH commodities, and contraceptive technology. In Belize, a consultant was supported to conduct interviews with key persons working at the judiciary system and the health system in November and December 2011. Towards the end of 2011, a study was commissioned to serve as input for the proposed policy document on legal barri- ers to sexual and reproductive health services. The study provides information on gaps that exist between the age of sexual consent and the ability for adolescents to freely access sexual and reproductive health services in Belize. The findings will inform advocacy in Belize and will serve as a standard of precedence in the Caribbean. This information Chapter Four: Strengthening health SyStemS: integration, logiStiCS and mainStreaming 67 RESULTS IN 2011 will further inform the development of legislative models to ensure that no legal barriers exist in adolescents access- ing SRH information and services. Also, a series of training sessions were held on contraceptive technology in Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. In Jamaica, 64 community nurses received training in RH and family planning. In Guyana, 22 nurses and 5 medi- cal doctors participated in training on IUD insertion. In Grenada, 48 nurses received training and in Trinidad and Tobago 18 medical doctors and 35 nurses. The Sub Regional Office also provided technical and program- matic support to MoH in Anguilla, Antigua, Bahamas, Barbuda, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Suriname. The support included the revision of medical protocols to treat victims of sexual violence; inclusion of new contraceptive technology such as female condoms, sub-dermal implants, Progestine active IUDs; creation of national humanitarian response protocols to include SRH; and guidance on how to ensure RHCS during humanitarian settings with governments and the Red Cross. Special support was also provided to groups of sex workers and women living with HIV with empha- sis in positive prevention and reduction of stigma and discrimination. In Suriname, training on the Family Planning Decision Making Tool was expanded I n2011 through the transla- tion of the materials into Dutch and printing and distribu- tion of documents to facilitate the training of health care providers. The documents were also translated in some of the local maroon and Amerindian languages. The Facts & Myth Wheel was also translated in Dutch and 300 small wheels were printed for use by health care providers, schools and clients. In total, 109 health workers received training on the DMT, ensuring that at least one health care worker would be able to use the tool in 40 per cent of rural clinics served by the Medical Mission (Lobi Foundation) and 50 per cent of the clinics in the coastal area served by the Regional Health Division. Also 80 per cent of volun- teer counsellors in the teenage mothers programme of the Ministry of Sport and Youth participated in trianingon how to use the DMT when working with their clients, in particular to look at postponing a second unplanned preg- nancy while they are still in school. In Guyana, the RHCS priority was to establish a logistics management information system throughout the country’s 10 administrative regions. The Ministry of Health’s Materials Management Unit and MIS Department received support from the GPRHCS. The assistance resulted in the training and sensitization of key public health profes- sionals and stakeholders from hospitals and health centres in regions 2, 3, 6 and 7. A number of personnel with responsibility for managing commodities also received RHCS training, including community health workers from outlying health posts, pharmacy assistants, cytotechnolo- gists, lab technicians, rehab assistants and stores clerks from the hospitals. In the Arab States sub-region, the security situation was a very important factor that affected programme implemen- tation, especially regarding technical support from Cairo where the regional office is located. Despite challenges, the Regional Office held a training of trainers (TOT) workshop for strengthening national capacity to plan and advocate for reproductive health commodity needs. The workshop was attended by fourteen RH and commodity experts from the ministries of health and UNFPA focal points from Egypt, Morocco, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen. The workshop was conducted in English with simultaneous translation to Arabic and French. It introduced a number of essential elements needed to achieve RHCS using a curriculum de- veloped by the UNFPA Commodity Security Branch. The training also facilitated sharing of country experiences and identification of country-specific issues and action points for the coming year. In addition, a joint UNFPA ASRO and PSB Regional Workshop was conducted on Long Term Agreements (LTA) for Country Office and ASRO staff. The workshop targeted procurement and logistics focal points as well as Operation Managers and included an introduc- tion to recent development on International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). 68 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security Advocacy, Partnership and Market Shaping CHAPTER FIVE This section provides summaries on a broad range of activities initiated and carried out at the global level to strengthen commitment and promote partnership around issues that are at the heart of the UNFPA mandate and relate to RHCS. 5.1 UN Commission on Life-Saving Commodities for Women and Children A high-level commission to improve access to essential but overlooked health supplies that could save the lives of millions of women and children every year was estab- lished in March 2012 by UNICEF and UNFPA. The UN Commission on Life-Saving Commodities for Women and Children is part of the United Nations Secretary-General’s Every Woman Every Child initiative in support of achiev- ing the health-related Millennium Development Goals. The founding co-chairs of the Commission are President Goodluck Jonathan of Nigeria and Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg of Norway. The UNFPA Executive Director Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin and the UNICEF Executive Director Anthony Lake will serve as vice-chairs of the Commission. Membership will include global stakeholders from the public, private and civil society sectors. The Commission focuses on high-impact health supplies that can reduce the main causes of child and maternal deaths, as well as innovations that can be scaled up, includ- ing mechanisms for price reduction and supplies stability. The Commission aims to: • reduce financial barriers to access through social protec- tion mechanisms, such as fee waivers, vouchers and social insurance, and global financial mechanisms, such as pooled procurement; • create incentives for international and local manufacturers to produce and innovatively package overlooked supplies; • identify fast-track regulatory activities to accelerate reg- istration and reduce registration fees for a special list of products to encourage a focus on quality medicines. The Commission will advocate at the highest levels to build consensus around priority actions for increasing the avail- ability, affordability, access and rational use of overlooked Family planning training at Tajikistan’s medical university. Credit: Parviz Boboev/UNFPA Chapter Five: advoCaCy, partnership and Market shaping 69 GLOBAL LEVEL health supplies that will prevent premature death and disease among children under five years old and women of childbearing age. Since the creation of the Commission was announced, CSB has provided technical leadership to the issue within UNFPA and in partnership forums with UNICEF. In 2011, a series of technical meetings were held and support provided to ensure that the Commission’s architecture is institutionalized as planned. Issues relating to the work of the Commission formed part of a major engagement of UNFPA with members of the Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition for the identification of contraceptive commodities for inclusion under the family planning mandate of the Commission. The three overlooked contraceptive methods selected for inclusion are implants, emergency contraception and the GLOBAL LEVEL 70 Global ProGramme to enhance reProductive health commodity security female condom. The work of the Commission will con- tribute to ensuring access for all to a full range of con- traceptive methods and the ability of women to choose a method that fits within their own fertility goals and life circumstances. For more information on the Commission, visit www.everywomaneverychild.org/resources/ un-commission-on-life-saving-commodities. 5.2 Joint interagency work on priority medicines for mothers and children The List of Priority Medicines for Mothers and Children developed jointly by WHO with UNICEF and UNFPA was launched at the 18th meeting of the WHO Expert Committee in March 2011, in Accra, Ghana. The medi- cines were chosen based on evidence of efficacy and safety for preventing or treating major causes of sexual and reproductive, maternal, newborn and child mortality and morbidity. In addition, medicines were included for the prevention of pre-term birth and palliative care. All the medicines listed are included in the current versions of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children and WHO treatment guidelines. All medicines on the priority lists are or may be available in countries with the exception of those which require further research and development. The meeting in Accra facilitated the consideration of proposals for addition of medicines, or deletion of medicines, from the 16th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 2nd WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children. It also considered proposal on new directions to improve rational use of medicines and reviewed a proposal on ‘missing’ essential medicines as well as new category of ‘non-essential medicines for public health’. 5.3 Emergency/humanitarian response In 2011 the joint UNFPA-UNHCR Commodities Initiative continued to provide male and female condoms, RH Kits and other essential life-saving medicines and sup- plies for conflict, post-conflict, refugees and displaced pop- ulations, with support from GPRHCS and in collaboration with Humanitarian Response Branch and Procurement Services Branch. 5.4 Coordinated Assistance for Reproductive Health Supplies (CARhs) Originally called the Countries-At-Risk (CAR) Group, the name was changed to Coordinated Assistance for Reproductive Health Supplies (CARhs) Group in May Members of the Bandé Magaria School for Husbands. Credit: UNFPA Niger Chapter Five: advoCaCy, partnership and Market shaping 71 GLOBAL LEVEL 2010 to reflect the nature of the group’s work. The Group works under aegis of the System Strengthening Working Group of the Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition (RHSC). Members of CARhs include UNFPA’s Commodity Security Branch and Procurement Services Branch, USAID, the RH Interchange Secretariat, and the USAID | DELIVER Project. Other members participate on an ad hoc basis according to need, including the World Bank, KfW, the UN Foundation (Pledge Guarantee for Health staff ), the RHSC and MSI. The main focus of CARhs work is on contraceptives and condoms in countries on the verge of a shortage or stock-out. It helps coordinate the efforts and response of the global donor community during through monthly meeting where members share information, identify possible countries where shortages might occur and work out coordinated efforts to address the problems. As of September 2011, CSB-UNFPA assumed the role of Secretariat for the CARhs and hence steered efforts to address problems relating to the supply of contraceptives and condoms. Between October 2010 and September 2011, CARhs dealt with (to conclusion) a total of 168 distinct commodity issues. Highlights of issues dealt with in 2011 include the following: information was shared on upcoming shipments, a possible stock-out of male con

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